N 599 Aspen Pandemic Preparedness Results and Recommendations Paper Chapter 4 – Findings and Recommendation This chapter does not include discussing other

N 599 Aspen Pandemic Preparedness Results and Recommendations Paper Chapter 4 – Findings and Recommendation This chapter does not include discussing other research literature or the implications of your findings. Usually you begin by outlining any descriptive or exploratory/confirmatory analyses (e.g., reliability tests, factor analysis) that were conducted. Next, address the results of the tests of hypotheses, then discuss any ex post facto analysis. Tables and/or figures should be used to illustrate and summarize all numeric information.

For qualitative or historical projects, this chapter usually is organized by the themes or categories uncovered in your research. If you have conducted focus groups or interviews, it is often appropriate to provide a brief descriptive (e.g., demographic) profile of the participants first. Direct quotation and paraphrasing of data from focus groups, interviews, or historical artifacts then are used to support the recommendations made. In some cases, this analysis also includes information from field notes or other interpretative data e.g., life history information).

Discussion of Findings

Data analysis, limitations of project design, conclusions drawn should be included. Discuss limitations of size or sampling. Share what your reviewers/participants said in the evaluation tool. Share actual quotes and how you coded the material. What conclusion can you draw from the data? Did it confirm or contradict research found in your literature review?

Recommendations

What are you going to do in the future with this project? Now that you finished the project, what are you going to do with this information and/or project?

This section should be about 6-8 pages and content should be separated with APA first and second level headings. METHOD
1
Capstone Method
Mariann England
Aspen University
Nursing Capstone
Dr. Julie Kolde
July 13, 2020
METHOD
2
METHOD
Procedure
This study uses a cohort study design to establish the cause of the ailment and identify
links between risk factors. Local hospitals with an operational intensive care unit and emergency
department will be recognized and contacted via telephone to help identify the emergency
management coordinators in charge of emergency management, planning, and operations. A
structured questionnaire was prepared based on an existing pandemic management plan. The
survey has its main sections as facility planning data, workforce glitches and structure, and surge
capacity. The questionnaire was piloted using a representative number of individuals. Data was
collected and computed for univariate and bivariate analysis. A qualitative approach is then used
for text responses (Edwards & Brannelly, 2017). The cohort study method is applicable in this
research as a non-experimental study where the participants included in the study are selected
based on the interests in the research outcome. The study uses the study design to assess the level
of preparedness in a pandemic in the acute health care setting. The cohort study involves local
hospitals designed to handle intensive care to patients affected by a pandemic.
Subjects and participants
The research focused on local hospitals with intensive healthcare facilities and emergency
departments contacted on the research via telephone. The selected hospitals were subjected to the
research. The management in the emergency department and the management in intensive care
will be required to fill a pre-prepared questionnaire. These are the most important sources of
information on how their health facilities are prepared to fight against a pandemic. The research
METHOD
3
design requires that the participants be subjected to training on how the response should be made
(MacKay et al., 2020).
Collection of Data
Primary and secondary data were collected in the research in which the participants
provided the primary source of data. In contrast, the qualitative approach on review of past
research works on pandemic preparedness was used. The primary data involved the use of a
prepared questionnaire based on past research work on pandemic preparedness.. In addition,
interviews were also good sources of information on how acute healthcare facilities are prepared
in the management of the pandemic. The interviews involved 20 healthcare professionals in the
emergency and intensive care unit based on their roles in the health care facilities.
A qualitative case study was used to collect secondary data on the preparedness of the
health care facilities in the fight and management of the pandemic in the acute health care
setting. There was a need to prevent biases, and therefore, the information was sourced from two
independent sources: the information provided by the ministry of health and the internet which
provided reviewed articles on the readiness of the acute health care setting in containing a
pandemic. The internet database provided such materials from Google Scholar and included
search terms such as pandemic readiness in the acute health care setting, and how are health care
prepared in the fight against the next pandemic? Information provided by healthcare facilities
included their procedures in handling the infected patients at the emergency department and the
intensive care unit (Edwards & Brannelly, 2017). In the qualitative research methods, the case
study approach was more effective in collecting data through a literature review of previous
studies on the same topic. This provided important information required in the research on the
preparedness in the event of a pandemic.
METHOD
4
Advantage of the data collection strategy
The strategy used in collecting data has its advantages over the other methods in the study and
therefore considered the most appropriate research method for the study. This is because the
cohort study method provides an opportunity to have clarity of the temporal sequence, which
determines whether the exposure preceded the expected outcomes. The cohort study method
clearly indicates the temporal sequence in the outcome and the exposure. The study also provides
an opportunity for the calculation of incidences of the likelihood of a disease, which can be
grouped as absolute risk, relative risk, attributable proportion, and risk difference. The multiple
outcomes of the study can also be determined simultaneously.
Qualitative data collection is also important in research given that the researcher can be more
speculative on the interest areas of research and how the investigation is to be done. The research
is also more targeted in the whole process, which improves data collection process while
minimizing the cost of the data collection process.
Limitations
Despite the advantages of the cohort study strategy, some limitations may make the research
process a challenge. For instance, a researcher is expected to conduct a follow up of a large
subject over a long period, the study method may be expensive and also consumes a lot of time,
may introduce bias as a result of differential loss of participants follow up, data may be of poor
quality if the data used was not designed for this type of study (Sedgwick, 2013).
In qualitative analysis, the limitation of the study method is that the strategy may be timeconsuming, which remains a major drawback in a research method. The interpretation of the data
may also be limited. This is because; qualitative methods may take between weeks and months
METHOD
5
and given that the collection of data may deviate from the main study question. The process is
also labor-intensive due to the analysis process, such as recording and categorization and
requires a very experienced researcher to obtain the required information. Finally, the research
strategy is not representative statistically. This is because the strategy is based on perspectives,
and the responses given are not measured. Also, the research may result in comparison, which
may lead to duplication. Therefore, there is a need to cross-examine the data collected to avoid
duplication (Sedgwick, 2013).
Ethical Issues on Collection Upon the participants
Ethical consideration that was considered in the research study includes informed consent,
voluntary participation, confidentiality and anonymity. Information consent ensures that the
participants in the research are fully aware of the project. In this regard, the participants were
briefed on the study’s expectations to make an informed decision on their participation.
Participation in the research was voluntary, and they were allowed to withdraw from the research
without discriminations. Finally, the participants’ confidentiality was maintained, and their
information was to be confidential only to the program coordinator, and therefore no use of
names was done. This ensures that participants remain anonymous (Velip, 2018).
Data Analysis
The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis, which included collecting the data,
analysis, interpretation and modeling. The analysis involved a descriptive analysis of a set of
collected samples and data. The analysis involved statistical tools in computing the data collected
from the participants.
METHOD
6
References
Edwards, R., & Brannelly, T. (2017). Approaches to democratizing qualitative research methods.
Qualitative Research, 17(3), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117706869
Velip, P. (2018). Ethical Issues in Research Writing. International Journal Of Trend In Scientific
Research And Development, Volume-2(Issue-5), 2429-2432.
https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18329
MacKay, D., Jecker, N., Pitisuttithum, P., & Saylor, K. (2020). Selecting participants fairly for
controlled human infection studies. Bioethics. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12778
Sedgwick, P. (2013). Prospective cohort studies: advantages and disadvantages. BMJ, 347(nov08
1), f6726-f6726. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6726
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW
1
Literature Review
Mariann England
Aspen University
Nursing Capstone
Dr. Julie Kolde
July 6, 2020
LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Analysis of literature
In the event of a pandemic, most of the population is exposed to the high rate of the
pandemic, which remains at 40-60 % of the affected population. However, the lack of the
necessary guidelines and standards in the fight against the pandemic can be the most important
failure in the acute health care setting. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare setting to be
ready and well prepared with measures and strategies in place to counter the effects of a
pandemic. The world has witnessed different incidences of pandemics that remain a major health
burden to many different countries. One kind of pandemic is Influenza, which affects a large
population of different countries. Due to the growth of urbanization and global transportation, it
is evident that, in the case of a pandemic, it is likely to spread rapidly across the world.
Therefore, Pandemic readiness in the acute health care setting remains an important
factor in the successful containment of these pandemics through proper planning. Preparedness is
essential in minimizing the pandemic’s growth and spread, reducing the cases and incidences of a
pandemic, preserving essential services, reducing hospitalization and deaths, and preventing the
incidences of economic crisis. The management has a great role to play when it comes to the
fight against a pandemic. Research indicates that with poor planning, the effects of an infectious
pandemic can be vital. Currently, most acute health care settings have inadequate accounting and
interaction procedures, poor training on health care providers, poor programs on disaster
preparedness, and inadequate essential preventive equipment such as ventilators and other
essential health care equipment, including ventilators and hospital beds. Some of the plans in
place have not yet been tested for their effectiveness, which is a limitation in the fight against a
pandemic.
LITERATURE REVIEW
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Description of a pandemic Preparedness
A pandemic is a global spread of a new ailment, one which traverses transnational
borders and eventually affects a large proportion of the population. A is an unforeseen and
unavoidable event, characterized by its indeterminate scope, length, and consequence. Besides
posing a high morbidity and mortality rate threat, pandemics can overwhelm medical care
structures and substantial societal and monetary disturbance (Bali et al., 2017). Pandemics result
from an antigenically new microbe’s surfacing for which there is no erstwhile body resistance,
usually with a reassortment of previously humanoid or animal microbial genomes. Readiness to
pandemics comprises planning and organization, monitoring and evaluating circumstances,
communication, continuity of medical care delivery, and curbing the disease’s spread.
Pandemics, and their resultant effects, may persist for months to years. Therefore, a
multi-disciplinary approach is imperative in the disease response strategies, particularly at the
state and sub-state levels. The threat of a pandemic or contagious illness vastly spreading skulks
inaudibly beneath the surface of routine hospital operations and at the population in general.
Instants of alarm instigate waves of preparedness as novel microbes and transmutations pose
evanescent threats. Pandemic-preparedness should be founded on generic alacrity programs,
resources, mechanisms, and approaches for crisis and disaster management (Shearer et al., 2020).
Pandemic-preparedness is fundamental in ensuring that health and other indispensable structures
continue to function during a pandemic, thereby decreasing the economic and social effects of
the pandemic
The objective of planning and organization efforts is to offer direction and harmonization
across all sectors involved in pandemics management. A collapse in disaster-response lags
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
national and local efforts towards the control of a pandemic. As yet, exertions to boost testing
has been directed on operational matters: adequacy of the testing capacity, the pervasive
scarcities and supply-chain failures, and strategies to scale-up testing to the vast figures
necessitated to ease the pandemic (Madhav et al., 2017). Availing additional tests is not an
approach in and of itself. If sufficient tests were achieved, this question would still linger in our
minds: What resolves are the outcomes intended to inform? Testing has numerous rationales
other than diagnosis and ensuring safety for health care staff. Testing data is necessary for the
management of all the features of a pandemic. For example, this data is the keystone of
pandemic extrapolative models. That makes known the future demand for attention, the timing of
surges, and the scale of the necessary emergency amenities. Devoid of reliable testing data,
analysts depend on presumption and assumptions.
The protocols of education in a pandemic aim at shrinking the contact and transmission
rates of the infectious disease (Schneider, 2020). Educational strategies include encouraging
respiratory propriety, basic hygiene, suitable aeration, social distancing, and the dissemination of
appropriate and accurate health messages.
Personal protective equipment, such as masks, gloves, and isolation gowns, help reduce the risk
of exposure to an infectious pathogen for health care providers. The hastily flagging supply of
such equipment, paired with the supply chain’s challenges, has triggered a high alarm and could
significantly encumber the capability to ensure the safety to the care providers (WHO, 2020).
This calls conservative approaches such as reducing access into the isolation settings, reducing
the demand for personal protective equipment by temporarily doing away with elective surgical
procedures and other unnecessary encounters, and reusing the material, which encompasses
LITERATURE REVIEW
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prolonging their use, decontamination with ultraviolet light and reusing some of the equipment
up to several times.
Importance of pandemic preparedness
The impact of a pandemic in a nation or across the globe is severe and, therefore, the
need to be well prepared in case it occurs. Currently, most healthcare facilities are not well
equipped, so the acute pandemic’s impact is likely to strike hard. For instance, the current Covid19 pandemic, the infrastructures used in the containment of the disease are the same
infrastructures that were used in addressing pandemic and seasonal Influenza over the decades.
This is an indication of the underfunding of the healthcare facilities that limit the ability to
address pandemics. Research indicates that acute healthcare settings are not prepared to address
the outbreak of pandemic or infectious diseases. There are outbreaks of acute pandemic almost
every year that claims thousands of life almost every year. Some of the acute pandemics have
similar symptoms and therefore making the containment and management process a challenge.
However, with proper management, the health care setting may have the required infrastructure
and machines to handle the pandemic.
It is important for all the stakeholders in the health sector to combine efforts in the fight
against the pandemic that continues to affect the world every year. According to Goodman
(2020), there is the need to have combined efforts in both the public and private sectors as a
global partnership to succeed in fighting against the pandemic. Having preventive measures and
being prepared will ensure that the global GDP is not severely affected by the pandemic as it has
been the case every year. For instance, the current pandemic has severely affected the world’s
economy, with the effect standing at 2% as of April in the United States alone (Goodman, 2020).
LITERATURE REVIEW
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The private sector can strengthen the health sector infrastructures as an important part of fighting
the pandemic. Also, the fight against the pandemic requires the collaboration of all the sectors,
communities, families and individual efforts to develop important policies essential in fighting
the pandemic.
Development of pandemic preparedness policies and strategies is important in the acute
health setting because it will help the health professionals have the required resources to fight the
pandemic. Therefore, the fight against the pandemic becomes effective, and the country can save
as many lives as possible. Nurses are mostly exposed to the dangers as they take care of the
patients. Therefore, with effective preparedness in the fight against a pandemic, there are less
exposed to the dangers as they handle the patients. Therefore, it is important to have continuous
pandemic preparedness training for the health care providers and especially the nursing
profession, to successfully counter the pandemic’s effects. This ensures that the providers of
essential services are not affected. Provision of necessary equipment such as personal protective
equipment and other training on how to provide important services in the acute health care
setting is essential as the professionals are better equipped with the needed knowledge and skills
in the fight against infectious pandemics (Carbell & Christian, 2011).
Studies recommend that preparedness acute health care setting against a pandemic is an
important part of a successful fight against pandemic (Goodman, 2020). There is the need to
have well-documented policies in disaster preparedness at all levels of acute health care, which
provides room for effective containment of the pandemic. Combined efforts of all the
stakeholders in the acute health care setting play a vital role in the success of pandemic
containment, which includes measures to have all the essential procedures being up to date in
pandemic preparedness.
LITERATURE REVIEW
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Essential pandemic preparedness measures
Health care providers in the acute health care setting should be well prepared in the
containment of acute pandemics that strike the world every year. Most acute pandemics are
infectious diseases that spread from one person to another, and the rate of spreading is high.
Given that it requires much time to understand the epidemiology of any infectious disease, it is
equally important to have effective procedures and strategies to contain the disease. This
involves international and national level planning to take care of the high number of patients
expected to flood in the hospital in case of a pandemic (Stephen, 2019).
Most healthcare facilities have the inadequate infrastructure required in the containment
of a pandemic with hospitals operating at near or in full capacity (Stephen, 2019). The
infrastructures currently used are the same used in decades, limiting the effectiveness in the fight
against a pandemic. There is a shortage of health care providers, while emergency preparedness
is always crowded. Many health care facilities lack enough hospital beds while the emergency
room is not well equipped with required materials such as the ventilators, which are vital in
pandemic management. The healthcare workers are also at risk of being exposed to the pandemic
as they care for the patients due to the lack of enough personal protective equipment. Therefore,
there is the need to have all these issues being addressed to successfully contain the pandemic
(Carbell & Christian, 2011). The following are important emergency preparedness requirements
in a successful fight against the pandemic.
•
Airborne isolation capabilities in acute health care
There is the need to have enough airborne isolation capabilities with all the required materials
and equipment to address the pandemic. This may include acute inpatient beds in national and
LITERATURE REVIEW
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regional hospitals. The prepa…
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