Week 1 Nursing Research Important in Healthcare Practices Discussion Questions In your opinion which of the following topics is best suited to a phenomenol

Week 1 Nursing Research Important in Healthcare Practices Discussion Questions In your opinion which of the following topics is best suited to a phenomenological inquiry? To a ethnography? To a grounded theory study? Provide a rational for each response.

a-The passage through menarche among Hatian refugee

b-The process of coping among AIDS patients

c-The experience of having a child with leukemia

d-Rituals relating to dying among nursing home residents

e-Decision making processes among nurses regarding do-not-resucitate orders Chapter 21
Qualitative Research
Design and Approaches
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a
design that emerges in the field as the study
unfolds.
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Answer
True
Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a
design that emerges in the field as the study
unfolds. Although qualitative design is flexible,
qualitative researchers plan for broad contingencies
that pose decision opportunities for study design in
the field.
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Emergent Design
• Emerges in the filed as the study unfolds
• Flexible
• Plan for broad contingencies
• Pose decision opportunities for study design
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Bricoleurs
• Creative and intuitive
• Array of data from many sources
• Holistic understanding
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Overview of Qualitative Research
Traditions
• Anthropology (domain: culture)
– Ethnography; ethnoscience
• Philosophy (domain: lived experience)
– Phenomenology; hermeneutics
• Psychology (domain: behavior)
– Ethology; ecologic psychology
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Overview of Qualitative Research
Traditions (cont.)
• Sociology (domain: social settings)
– Grounded theory; ethnomethodology
• Sociolinguistics (domain: communication)
– Discourse analysis
• History (domain: past events and conditions)
– Historical research
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of
people and relies on extensive fieldwork that usually
includes participant observation and in-depth
interviews with key informants.
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Answer
True
Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of
people and relies on extensive fieldwork that usually
includes participant observation and in-depth
interviews with key informants.
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Ethnography
• Describes and interprets cultural behavior
• Types of ethnography
– Macroethnography (broadly defined cultures)
– Microethnography (narrowly defined cultures)
– Autoethnography
– Ethnonursing research
– Ethnoscience (cognitive anthropology)
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Ethnography (cont.)
• Relies on extensive, labor-intensive fieldwork
• Culture is inferred from the group’s words, actions,
and products.
• Assumption: Cultures guide the way people
structure their experiences.
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Ethnography (cont.)
• Seeks an emic perspective (insiders’ view) of the
culture
• Relies on a wide range of data sources
• Product: an in-depth, holistic portrait of the culture
under study
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Ethnonursing research seeks to discover the essence
and meaning of a phenomenon, as it is experienced
by people, mainly through in-depth interviews with
people who have had the relevant experience.
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Answer
False
Phenomenology seeks to discover the essence and
meaning of a phenomenon, as it is experienced by
people, mainly through in-depth interviews with
people who have had the relevant experience.
Nurses sometimes refer to their ethnographic
studies as ethnonursing research.
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Phenomenology
• Focuses on the discovery of the meaning of people’s
lived experience
• Descriptive phenomenology: describes the meaning
of human experience
• Steps: bracketing, intuiting, analyzing,
describing
• Interpretive phenomenology (hermeneutics):
interprets human experience
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Phenomenology (cont.)
• Asks: What is the essence of a phenomenon as
experienced by these people, and what does it
mean?
• Four aspects of experience: lived space, lived body,
lived time, lived human relation
• Main data source: in-depth conversations with
participants
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Grounded Theory
Aims to discover theoretical precepts about social
psychological processes and social structures
grounded in data
– Substantive theory: grounded in data on a
specific substantive topic
– Formal grounded theory: a higher, more
abstract level of theory based on substantive
grounded theory studies
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Grounded Theory Studies
• Primary data sources: in-depth interviews and
observations
• Data collection, data analysis, sampling occur
simultaneously
• Constant comparison used to develop and refine
theoretically relevant categories
• Alternative views of grounded theory:
? Glaser and Strauss
? Strauss and Corbin
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Historical Research
• Systematically attempts to establish facts
about and relationships among past events
• Types of historical research
– Biographical history
– Social history
– Intellectual history
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Historical Data
• Typically written records (can be physical remains,
photographs, interviews)
• Requires evaluation
– External criticism: authenticity of the source
– Internal criticism: worth of the evidence
• Often found in historical archives
• Can be primary source or secondary source
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Case studies focuses on story in studies in which the
purpose is to explore how people make sense of
events in their lives.
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Answer
False
Case studies are intensive investigations of a single
entity or a small number of entities, such as
individuals, groups, organizations, or communities;
such studies usually involve collecting data over an
extended period. Narrative analysis focuses on story
in studies in which the purpose is to explore how
people make sense of events in their lives.
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Other Types of Qualitative Research
Case studies
Focus on a single entity, or a small number of entities,
with intensive scrutiny
Narrative analysis
Focus on story; designed to determine how individuals
make sense of events in their lives
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Research with Ideologic Perspectives
Critical theory research
Concerned with a critique of existing social structures
and with envisioning new possibilities
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Research with Ideologic Perspectives
(cont.)
Feminist research
Focuses on how gender domination and discrimination
shape women’s lives and their consciousness
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Research with Ideologic Perspectives
(cont.)
Participatory action research
Produces knowledge through close collaboration with
groups/communities that are vulnerable to control or
oppression
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Chapter 22
Sampling in Qualitative
Research
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Qualitative samples tend to be large, random, and
intensively studied.
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Answer
False
Qualitative samples tend to be small, nonrandom, and
intensively studied.
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Methods of Sampling in Qualitative
Research
• Convenience (volunteer) sampling
• Snowball sampling
• Theoretical sampling
• Purposive sampling
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Question
What is homogeneous sampling?
A. Deliberately reducing variation
B. Selecting cases that illustrate what is typical
C. Selecting the most unusual or extreme cases
D. Selecting cases that are intense but not extreme
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Answer
A
Homogeneous sampling (deliberately reducing
variation), typical case sampling (selecting cases
that illustrate what is typical), extreme case
sampling (selecting the most unusual or extreme
cases), and intensity sampling (selecting cases that
are intense but not extreme)
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Purposive Sampling
• Sampling for representativeness or comparative
value
• Sampling special or unique cases
• Sampling sequentially
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Representativeness or Comparative Value
• Maximum variation sampling
• Homogeneous sampling
• Typical case sampling
• Extreme case sampling
• Intensity sampling
• Stratified purposive sampling
• Reputational case sampling
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Purposive Sampling Special Cases
• Critical case sampling
• Criterion sampling
• Revelatory case sampling
• Sampling politically important cases
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Theory-based sampling is adding new cases based on
changes in research circumstances or in response to
new leads that develop in the field.
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Answer
False
Theory-based sampling is selecting cases on the basis
of their representation of important, whereas
constructs opportunistic sampling is adding new
cases based on changes in research circumstances
or in response to new leads that develop in the field.
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Purposive Sequential Category
• Theory-based sampling
• Opportunistic sampling
• Sampling confirming and disconfirming cases
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Sample Size in Qualitative Research
• No explicit, formal criteria
• Sample size determined by informational needs
• Decisions to stop sampling guided by data
saturation
• Data quality can affect sample size.
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Sampling in the Three Main Qualitative
Traditions
• Ethnography
? Mingling with many members of the culture
? Informal conversations with 25 to 50 informants
? Multiple interviews with smaller number of key
informants
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Sampling in the Three Main Qualitative
Traditions (cont.)
• Phenomenology
? Relies on very small samples (often 10 or fewer)
? Participants must have experienced
phenomenon of interest.
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Sampling in the Three Main Qualitative
Traditions (cont.)
• Grounded theory
? Typically involves samples of 20 to 30 people
? Selection of participants who can best contribute
to emerging theory (usually theoretical
sampling)
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Analytic generalization occurs when researchers strive
to generalize from particulars to a broader
conceptualizations and theories.
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Answer
True
Analytic generalization occurs when researchers strive
to generalize from particulars to a broader
conceptualizations and theories.
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Generalizability
• Controversial issue
• Researchers find findings:
– Relevant
– Meaningful
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Two Models
• Analytic generalization: Researchers strive to
generalize from particulars to a broader
conceptualizations and theories.
• Transferability involves judgments about whether
findings from an inquiry can be extrapolated to a
different setting or group of people.
• Transferability has close connections to the proximal
similarity model that involves a conceptualization
about which contexts are more or less like the one
in the study in terms of a gradient of similarity for
people, settings, times, and contexts.
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Chapter 23
Data Collection in
Qualitative Research
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Qualitative studies typically adopt flexible data
collection plans that evolve as the study progresses.
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Answer
True
Qualitative studies typically adopt flexible data
collection plans that evolve as the study progresses.
Self-reports are the most frequently used type of
data in qualitative studies, followed by observation.
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Fieldwork Issues
• Gaining participants’ trust
• Pacing data collection to avoid being overwhelmed
by the intensity of data
• Avoiding emotional involvement with participants
• Maintaining reflexivity
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Plans
• How data will be recorded and stored
• Technical equipment
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Unstructured and Loosely
Structured Self-Reports
• Latitude in questions and answers
• Yield rich narrative data
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Types of Qualitative Self-Reports
• Unstructured interviews
• Semistructured interviews
• Focus group interviews
• Joint interviews
• Life histories
• Oral histories
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Types of Qualitative Self-Reports (cont.)
• Critical incidents interviews
• Diaries and journals
• Think-aloud method
• Photo elicitation interviews
• Self-report narratives on the Internet
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Qualitative researchers sometimes collect
unstructured observational data, often through
participant observation.
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Answer
True
Qualitative researchers sometimes collect
unstructured observational data, often through
participant observation. Participant observers obtain
information about the dynamics of social groups or
cultures within members’ own frame of reference.
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Preparing for Qualitative Interviews
• Ensure that interviewers and respondents have a
common vocabulary.
• Develop and word questions to be asked; become
familiar with questions.
• Conduct a practice interview.
• Decide how to present oneself to participants.
• Decide on settings for data collection.
• Obtain needed supplies.
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Conducting Qualitative Interviews
• Take steps to “break the ice” to put participants at
ease.
• Share pertinent information about the study with
participants.
• Develop rapport to gain participants’ trust.
• Listen intently to guide subsequent questioning.
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Conducting Qualitative Interviews (cont.)
• Probe for information as needed.
• Be ready to handle emotionality.
• Be prepared to manage crises (e.g., interruptions,
equipment problems).
• Achieve a positive closure.
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Observation in Qualitative Studies
• Unstructured observation in naturalistic settings:
– Includes participant observation
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Getting Started in a Participant
Observation Study
• Getting an overview
• Gaining entrée
• Establishing rapport/developing trust
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Observations tend to become more focused over time,
ranging from descriptive observation to focused
observation.
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Answer
True
Observations tend to become more focused over time,
ranging from descriptive observation (broad
observations) to focused observation of more
carefully selected events.
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Observations
• Descriptive observation
• Focused observation
• Selective observation
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Participant observers usually select events to be
observed through mobile positioning by observing
from a fixed location.
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Answer
False
Participant observers usually select events to be
observed through a combination of single
positioning (observing from a fixed location),
multiple positioning (moving around the site to
observe in different locations), and mobile
positioning (following a person around a site).
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Observational Locations in Participant
Observation
• Single positioning: staying in one location
• Multiple positioning: moving around the site to get
different perspectives
• Mobile positioning: following a single participant as
he or she moves to different locations
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Methods of Recording Unstructured
Observations
• Log (field diary)
• Field notes
– Descriptive (observational) notes
– Reflective notes
• Methodologic notes
• Theoretical notes (or analytical notes)
• Personal notes
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