UTA School of Nursing Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases Questions 25 mcqs answered correctly. Research Article Critique, Part Two The Cognitive Impact o

UTA School of Nursing Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases Questions 25 mcqs answered correctly. Research Article Critique, Part Two
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
(Kim, Park, & An 2019)
Instructions:
A major skill that is learned in this course is how to critically read and critique nursing research articles. The
purpose for critiquing an article is to critically evaluate the research process followed by the author(s) of the
assigned article. This is an information-intensive, time-intensive process that is not learned overnight. To
demonstrate your skill at critiquing an article, you will complete this open-book multiple choice assignment.
Here’s how you should approach completing this week’s assignment to finish critiquing an article:
1. First, do your assigned reading in Grove & Gray (2019) and complete the reading worksheets early
in the week. This will introduce you to the critique skills you will need for the week.
2. Skim the entire instructor assigned research article that has been posted on Blackboard for you so
that you will have an idea of what it is about. Lightly cross out the abstract for the article (you won’t
be using it). Then, for this week, re-read carefully from the study’s methods section through the end of
the article.
3. Print this document and find the best answer to each question below based on your assigned
reading for the week and what you have read in the instructor assigned research article.
4. Some of the questions in the critique assignment below will seem unfamiliar to you. Look up key
terms from the question in your textbook. Some examples of these terms might be: power analysis,
inter-rater reliability, and generalization. You can also look in Chapter 12 for an example of a critical
appraisal (or critique) of a quantitative research article.
5. Once you have completed this assignment “on paper”, go into blackboard and enter your answers
by the assignment due date and time listed in the syllabus. Ignore any wording from Blackboard that
indicates that “this is a test” and carefully enter your answers from this document.
6. You will have two access attempts to record your answers. This is given to you so that if you
encounter technical difficulties on your first attempt, or you would like a second attempt to try to
improve your grade, you may do so. You will not be able to see the questions that you missed when
you submit your attempt. Blackboard will record the highest grade from the two submissions.
If you have questions about this assignment, you can post them to your group discussion board for help.
Please do not post the exact question from the assignment below and ask the group for the answer as this
would constitute academic dishonesty.
©2017 UTA School of Nursing
1
Research Article Critique, Part Two
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
(Kim, Park, & An 2019)
Questions 1 – 9: Sample. (For help with these questions,
refer to chapters: 9 & 12)
1. What sampling method or plan was used by the authors in this study?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Little information is given about the sampling method
d. Network sampling
2. According to Grove & Gray (2019), what are the potential biases of convenience sampling?
a. This is a strong probability sampling method with very little potential for bias.
b. This method is used when an ordered list of all members of the population are available,
and provides a random but not equal chance for inclusion in the study.
c. This method provides little opportunity to control for bias because subjects are included in
the study merely because they happen to be in the right place at the right time.
d. This method is specific to the individuals who were recruited and the information gained
cannot be generalized to others who don’t share these types of experiences.
3. What was the final sample size reported by the authors for this study?
a. 90 participants
b. 115 participants annually
c. 82 participants per month
d. 28 participants
4. Was a power analysis conducted? If so, which statement best describes the results of the power
analysis?
a. The authors mention that a power analysis was conducted using a power of 0.8, an alpha
value of 0.5, and an effect size of 0.2
b. The authors mention that a power analysis was conducted, and 90 participants were
needed.
c. The authors do not report that a power analysis was conducted.
d. The authors mention that a power analysis was conducted using a power of 0.8, and alpha
value of 0.5, and a moderate effect size.
5. Which of these statements would be considered to be specific inclusion criterion for the sample in
the research article?
a. Participants had heart failure.
b. Participants were able to read and write.
c. Participants had diabetes or hypertension.
d. Participants had chronic conditions.
©2017 UTA School of Nursing
2
Research Article Critique, Part Two
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
(Kim, Park, & An 2019)
6. Which of these statements would be considered to be exclusion criterion specifically identified by
the author for the sample in the research article?
a. Participants could not read or write.
b. Participants were less than seventy years old.
c. Participants with a history of heart attack.
d. Participants with a history of cognitive inflicted disorders.
7. What is the acceptance rate for this study?
a. 100%
b. 92/90 X 100% = 98%
c. 2/90 X 100% = 2%
d. unknown / cannot be calculated
8. Which of the following would be accurate for the attrition rate for this study?
a. 1/90 X 100% = 1%
b. 0%
c. 90/92 x 100% = 98%
d. unknown / cannot be calculated
9. What was the setting for this research study? Briefly describe the setting and indicate whether it
was appropriate for conducting this study.
a. The setting for this study was a partially controlled setting and was appropriate for this
study’s research design.
b. The setting for this study was a natural or field setting and was appropriate for this study’s
research design.
c. The setting for this study was a highly controlled setting and was appropriate for this study’s
research design.
d. The setting for this study was a highly controlled setting and was NOT appropriate for this
study’s research design.
Question 10 – 14: Measurement Methods. (For help with
these questions, refer to chapters 10 & 12.)
10. Which ones of these questionnaires, scales, or physiologic measures are used in this research
study?
a. The Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living
b. The Charlson Comorbidity Index
©2017 UTA School of Nursing
3
Research Article Critique, Part Two
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
(Kim, Park, & An 2019)
c. The Bandura Self-Efficacy Scale
e. Clinical Skills Self-Efficacy Scale
11. How do the authors describe the reliability of the Charlson Comorbidity Index?
a. They allowed the participants to complete the scale in a location of their own choice.
b. They reported a Cronbach’s alpha level of 0.94.
c. They tested the current group of subjects using two different versions of the same scale
(alternate forms reliability).
d. They mention that it has been found to have good inter-rater reliability.
12. How do the authors describe the validity of the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) used in this
study?
a. They report Cronbach’s alpha scores for the DASI.
b. They mention that the DASI consists of 12 items on a dichotomous response option.
c. They report a study relating DASI scores to physiological measures.
d. They report that possible scores for the DASI range from 0 to 58.2
13. Which statement is true regarding surveys used for this study?
a. The authors developed the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI).
b. The Seoul Verbal Learning Test, the Korean Trail Making Test, and the Controlled Word
Association Test were administered.
c. Interviews were reportedly used, but the author does not explain what was included in
them.
d. The authors developed their own questions to assess functional status.
14. Were any physiological measurements collected from the subjects for the purpose of this study?
a. Yes
b. No
Question 15- 16: Data Collection. (For help with these
questions, refer to chapters 10 & 12)
15. Which of the following best describes the data collection process used in this study?
a. Participants were interviewed by phone by nurse researcher.
b. A trained research assistant conducted interviews in person.
c. Questionnaires / surveys were mailed to the prospective returned in a self-addressed
stamped envelope.
d. Researchers consented participants after face to face discussion of study.
©2017 UTA School of Nursing
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Research Article Critique, Part Two
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
(Kim, Park, & An 2019)
16. Based on the study’s data collection methods, if there were more than one data collector, would
an estimation of inter-rater reliability be an important concept for the authors to report on for this
study?
a. Yes, and the authors reported their efforts to achieve inter-rater reliability.
b. Yes, but the authors do not discuss any efforts to achieve inter-rater reliability.
c. No, the issue of inter-rater reliability does not apply here.
Question 17 – 19: Data Analysis. (For help with these
questions, refer to chapters 11 & 12)
17. What descriptive statistics were NOT reported in this study?
a. mean
b. median
c. range
d. standard deviation
18. Which one of these inferential statistics were NOT used to examine the data obtained from the
participants?
a. Pearson correlation
b. t test
c. Multiple regression
d. ANCOVA
19. What is the level of significance (alpha level) set at for this study?
a. .01 or 1%
b. .05 or 5%
c. .10 or 10%
d. An alpha level or level of significance chosen by the authors was not specifically mentioned
in the text of the article.
Question 20-25: Researcher’s Interpretation of the
Findings. (For help with these questions, refer to
chapters 11 & 12)
20. Which statement from the article would be considered a significant result?
a. Approximately two thirds (68.9%) had less than a high school education.
b. Trail Making Test times were greater among those who had diabetes or hypertension than
among those who did.
©2017 UTA School of Nursing
5
Research Article Critique, Part Two
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
(Kim, Park, & An 2019)
c. Controlled Oral Word Association Test scores were higher among those who did not have
diabetes or hypertension than among those who did.
d. The functional capacity increased by 1.5 points with every increase in delayed recall
memory.
21. Which one of these statements from the article would be considered a non-significant result?
a. Digit Span Test scores were higher among those who did not have diabetes or hypertension
than among those who did.
b. Seoul Verbal Learning Test scores were higher among those who did not have diabetes or
hypertension than among those who did.
c. Older men had a higher incidence of hypertension and DM than other chronic diseases.
d. Participants with diabetes or hypertension had lower scores than those who did not for
functional capacity.
22. Which one of these statements from the article would be considered clinically important?
a. In this study, hypertension, with or without DM, was the most prevalent condition.
b. Evidence is still lacking regarding whether cognitive function is exceedingly constrained in
people with hypertension or DM, as compared with other chronic conditions.
c. Limited evidence has been provided by prior studies with regard to poor cognitive function
and/or its relevance to functional decline in patients with chronic diseases.
d. Many patients with hypertension or DM showed greater cognitive dysfunction, including
memory loss and poorer executive function, than those with other chronic conditions in
this study.
23. Which statement below, as reported by the author, would be considered a limitation of the
study?
a. Validation of cognitive assessment in samples with chronic diseases is needed.
b. Previous studies have been limited by multiple factors, including global measures used for
cognitive assessment.
c. Significant differences for hypertension and diabetes on functional ability were nullified
when adjusting for age, gender, and education.
d. Many patients with hypertension or DM showed greater cognitive dysfunction, including
memory loss and poorer executive function, than those with other chronic conditions in
this study.
24. Which of these statements would be considered a statement regarding generalization of these
results?
a. The sample consisted of participants from one geographical area.
b. The cognitive assessment instruments used need to be validated for samples with chronic
diseases.
c. Significant differences for hypertension and diabetes on functional ability were nullified
when adjusting for age, gender, and education.
©2017 UTA School of Nursing
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Research Article Critique, Part Two
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
(Kim, Park, & An 2019)
d. Previous studies have been limited by multiple factors, including global measures used for
cognitive assessment.
25. Which of these statements from the article would be considered a recommendation for future
studies?
a. Providing cognitive screening in routine primary care or in the community for persons who
are susceptible to chronic illness may facilitate earlier detection of cognitive decline.
b. More empirical evidence is necessary to better address the problem of mild cognitive
impairment and its impact on outcomes in high-risk groups.
c. Cognitive impairment should be considered in care plans for the management of physical
functional decline and the prevention or delay of adverse outcomes in persons at risk.
d. In addition to the functional decline associated with cognitive decline, its adverse impact on
other health outcomes, including cardiac events, has been documented in chronically ill
patients.
©2017 UTA School of Nursing
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JOURNAL TITLE:
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ARTICLE TITLE:
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic Diseases on Functional Capacity in Community-Dwelling Adults.
ARTICLE AUTHOR:
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27
ISSUE:
1
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YEAR:
2019
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The Journal of Nursing Research h VOL. 27, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2019
The Cognitive Impact of Chronic
Diseases on Functional Capacity in
Community-Dwelling Adults
JinShil KIM1 & Eunok PARK2* & Minjeong AN3
ABSTRACT
Background: People with chronic diseases may experience
poor cognitive functioning associated with advanced age,
progression of disease, or other comorbid chronic conditions.
Empirical evidence of this phenomenon is limited despite the
clinical relevance of cognitive decline and associated adverse
outcomes such as poor physical functioning.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive
functioning in the domains of memory, attention, and executive
function and its association with functional capacity in a sample of
community-dwelling adults with a spectrum of chronic diseases.
Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted
in a sample of community-dwelling adults with chronic diseases,
including hypertension (58.9%), diabetes mellitus (DM; 20.0%),
and dyslipidemia (14.4%). Participants’ mean age was 64.1 T
11.2 years, and 48.9% were male. Ninety persons completed
the face-to-face interviews, which evaluated cognitive functioning in the domains of memory, attention, and executive function
using neuropsychological tests and the physical well-being test,
which measured functional capacity using the Duke Activity
Status Index.
Results: Compared with those with other chronic diseases, our
sample with hypertension and DM had significantly more
memory loss and poorer executive function. These significant differences were nullified when adjusting for age,
gender, and education. Approximately one third had functional limitations (n = 29, 32.2%), using a cutoff point of 35
or less (Duke Activity Status Index). Memory loss (delayed
recall, b = 1.5, p = .016) and poor executive function (Trail
Making Test Part A, b = j0.2, p G .001) were predicting factors
of functional decline, independent of age, gender, education,
and comorbidity.
Conclusions/Implications for Practice: Cognitive function,
particularly memory and executive function, was poorer among
chronically ill Korean adults in the community with hypertension
or DM than their counterparts. Functional decline was worse in
the presence of memory loss and poor executive function.
Studies examining the mechanism by which overall functioning
is impacted by cognitive decline and its relevance to functional
declines in a larger representative sample are warranted.
KEY WORDS:
cognition, functional capacity, community dwelling adults,
chronic disease.
Introduction
Cardiometabolic risk control and the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are worldwide concerns (Chatterjee
et al., 2012). Over the past few decades in South Korea,
cardiovascular and metabolic risks have increased, with one
fourth of the adult population having risk conditions such
as obesity, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus (DM; E. Park
& Kim, 2015). These circumstances increase the population’s
susceptibility to serious chronic conditions, particularly CVDs
and stroke (Elias, Goodell, & Dore, 2012), which are the
leading causes of death and hospital discharge in Korea
(Korean Statistical Information Service, 2016).
Chronically ill persons with these conditions may experience poor cognitive function, which may be associated with
advanced age, the disease itself, or comorbid conditions
(Chodosh, Miller-Martinez, Aneshensel, Wight, & Karlamangla,
2010; Raphael, Wei, Greene, Baird, & Beddhu, 2012; Schneider,
Kielstein, Braverman, & Novak, 2015). Prior studies have
shown associations between hypertensive and/or diabetic
conditions and cognitive decline (Elias et al., 2012; Manolio,
Olson, & Longstreth, 2003; Roberts et al., 2014), particularly hypertension-related structural and functional changes
in the brain as well as cerebral perfusion and cognition,
which may indicate chronic cerebral hypoperfusion as a
probable mechanism (Birns & Kalra, 2009; Elias et al., 2012;
Manolio et al., 2003). Activation of associated mechanisms
such as vascular risks of uncontrolled hypertension or
midlife onset of DM or lifestyle risks or aging, which often
occur during the development of such conditions, has been
found to increase susceptibility to advanced CVDs and
stroke, particularly in elderly populations (Birns & Kalra,
2009; Eggermont et al., 2012; Roberts et al., 2014). These
types of cognitive decline often impede the decision making
1
PhD, RN, Professor, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon,
South Korea & 2PhD, RN, Professor, College of Nursing, Jeju National
University, Jeju, South Korea & 3PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, College
of Nursing, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
Copyright B 2019 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
All rights reserved.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0
(CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the
work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any
way or used commercially without permission from the journal.
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