SCI 201 CTU Online Week 2 Environmental History & Biodiversity Questions this question is the same as the last two. it is just answering questions from the

SCI 201 CTU Online Week 2 Environmental History & Biodiversity Questions this question is the same as the last two. it is just answering questions from the power point slides. 1-here are the questions in the word file, please include citation (url)2- here is the power point. note: you can find the answers highlighted (easy) Colorado Technical University
Course: SCI201 – Environmental Science
Instructor: Vikki French
vfrench@coloradotech.edu
TYPE YOUR NAME:
Wk02 Assignments
Discussion Board Topic 1 (10 points)
Zoomwork: Environmental History (15 points, 1 point each)
Due Apr. 17, 2020
Due Apr. 21, 2020
1) Mark which environmental ethic you identify with most:
preservation
conservation
humanist
capitalist
2) Why?
3) Does your identification change based on the circumstances?
4) Mark which US legislation do you think has the most impact on your life?
Clean Air Act
Endangered Species Act
Wilderness Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Federal Water Pollution Act
Toxic Substances Control
Solid Waste Disposal Act
Clean Water Act
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Soil & Water Conservation Act
Federal Pesticide Act
“Superfund” Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act
Food Security Act
National Environmental Policy Act
5) Why?
6) Mark which population projection you think is most likely: high medium low
7) Why?
8) What do you think is the most important key to sustaining our environment?
9) Why?
US Floods (28 points)
Johnstown
Katrina
Colorado 2013
10) When did this start?
11) What happened?
12) How many people died?
13) Which flood do you think was the worst?
14) Why?
Discussion Board Topic 2 (10 points)
Discussion Board (2 Replies) (10 points)
Due Apr. 17, 2020
Due Apr. 21, 2020
Research – Biodiversity (30 points, 2.5 points each)
Because we talked about it week 01:

start at time 5:28
1) What do you think?
Due Apr. 21, 2020
I want DETAILED notes – not
the shortest possible answers!
Readings:
https://www.nature.com/news/behind-new-zealand-s-wild-plan-to-purge-all-pests-1.21272
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/new-zealand-invasives-islands-rats-kiwis-conservation/
2) Why is New Zealand trying to eradicate invasive species?
3) Do you think it is a good idea? Why or why not?
Videos:
Biodiversity:

4) Explain why biodiversity is a good thing: (I want at least 5 details)
5) What impacts do humans have on the environment and other species that cause reduced
biodiversity? (I want at least 5 details)
Eric Chivian:

6) What are some of the medical values of polar bears?
7) Why are areas of low vertebrate diversity also areas that have a high incidence of Lyme
disease?
8) What might have been the medical value of Gastric Brooding Frogs?
9) Why can’t the Gastric Brooding Frogs be studied?
10) This video is from Harvard University. While you are watching it, please note some ways
that this classroom environment is different from CTU:
EO Wilson:

11) Do the research necessary to tell me 5 things about E. O. Wilson:
12) Include the url(s) you used to answer this question (1 point for each url):
Submit this document to the Portal Wk02 Homework
Welcome to
SCI 201
Environmental
Science
Wk02
Review
www.hrexaminer.com
Environmental Science
Environment – the sum total of
our surroundings, including
biological
and non-biological factors
www.shutterstock.com
www.shutterstock.com
www.shutterstock.com
Sustainability
The three principles of
sustainability:
biodiversity
chemical cycling
solar energy reliance
Science
deals only with things that are
Measurable
Replicable
undsci.berkeley.edu
nationaldaycalendar.com
Science
Hypothesis
an educated guess
Science
Theory
a well-tested and verified
hypothesis
Questions?
Discussion Board!
lol-rofl.com
History
Humans have always created
trash and used resources
view/2010/06/18/Switch_to_good_health/
History
For most of human history, this
has not been a problem because
human populations were small
www.globalchange.umich.edu
https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php
History
Owing to better health and
hygiene (fewer plagues…), more
food production and reduced
warfare, human populations
began to grow in the 1700s
History
US Environmental Policy
Early period: to encourage
westward expansion
1785 – US government has the
right to manage western lands
1787 – created a grid system
for surveying western lands
History
Population
by
Thomas Malthus
1798
www.bbc.co.uk
History
Malthus observed that sooner
or later population growth gets
checked by famine, disease and
limited resources
History
Human populations are often
reduced by famine, plague and
warfare
History
US history has been blessed
with few of these problems and
has been growing and growing!
History
Our problem: crowded
conditions in the Eastern US
where most immigrants land
History
US Environmental History:
Early period to encourage
westward expansion
1862 – Homestead act allowed
any citizen to claim 160 acres
of land
1866 – Mineral Lands act – $5
per acre for mining
History
US Environmental History:
Early period to encourage
westward expansion
1873 – Timber Culture act –
160 acres to any citizen willing
to cultivate trees on ¼ of the
land
Questions?
www.career.gatech.edu
History
As populations moved west, a
nostalgia for the great
untouched wilderness began
History
US Environmental History: Second
Period-Environmental Ethics
1872 – Yellowstone designated a
National Park by Pres. Grant
1891 – forest reserves created
off-limits to logging by Pres.
Harrison
History
US Environmental History:
Second Period-Environmental
Ethics
1903 – Teddy Roosevelt creates
the first wildlife refuge
History
The application of ethical
standards to relationships
between humans and nonhuman
entities is known as
environmental ethics
History
Two different ethical perspectives:
Preservation and Conservation
guided the environmental movement
during the 20th century
But these two ethics are often in
conflict
History
John Muir
21 April 1838 – 24 December 1914
a Scottish-born American naturalist,
author, and
early advocate
of preservation
of wilderness in
the United
States
www.wildandscenicfilmfestival.org
History
The preservation ethic builds a
legal shelter around a protected
area that substantially limits
people’s ability to use the area
for any purpose other than
limited recreation
History
Gifford Pinchot
August 11, 1865 –
October 4, 1946
first Chief of the
United States Forest
Service (1905–1910)
advocate of conservation
History
The conservation ethic builds a
legal shelter around a protected
area that limits people’s ability
to use the area for any purpose
other than recreation or
approved agriculture
History
Other Environmental Ethics:
Humanist Ethic
Capitalist Ethic
History
The humanist ethic builds a
legal shelter around a protected
area that limits people’s ability
to use the area for any purpose
other than recreation unless
people need it for their health
or safety
History
The capitalist ethic builds a
legal shelter around a protected
area that limits people’s ability
to use the area for any purpose
other than recreation unless
someone can make money by
using it
History
PROJECT QUESTIONS 1,2,3
With which ethic do you
identify the mostpreservation / conservation
humanist / capitalist
Why?
Does your identification change
based on the circumstances?
Questions?
www.career.gatech.edu
History
US Environmental History:
Third PeriodEnvironmental Problems
History
By 1900, it seemed that global
human populations had outgrown
the planet – not enough food
could be grown to feed the
population
History
In 1918 Fritz Haber received
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
for finding a way to
synthesize nitrogen
fertilizer from air
philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com
History
Henry Ford introduced the
Fordson, the first mass-produced
tractor,
in 1917
en.wikipedia.org
History
Turkey-red wheat from
Ukraine was introduced
to the US in the early
1870s
https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/turkey-red-wheat/16789
History
This winter wheat can be
planted in the fall and
harvested in the
spring, taking
advantage of autumn
and winter
precipitation
https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/turkey-red-wheat/16789
History
It had a higher yield than
previous varieties and
allowed states to
grow wheat that had
not been able to
previously
https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/turkey-red-wheat/16789
History
Hard winter wheats have
a higher gluten protein
content than other
wheats
They are used to make
flour for yeast breads
https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/turkey-red-wheat/16789
History
But, while all these things
allowed farmers to make a good
living and people to be more
healthy…
History
spydersden.wordpress.com
History
As a result of the US Dust
Bowl, agricultural scientists
began to rethink how we did
agriculture in America
History
Hugh Bennett is considered to
be the father of soil
conservation
Developed the
concept of
Land Ethics
en.wikipedia.org
History
Aldo Leopold
January 11, 1887 April 21, 1948
professor at the
University of
Wisconsin
www.news.wisc.edu
History
Aldo Leopold
advocate of modern land ethics
and wilderness conservation
emphasized biodiversity and
ecology
a founder of the science of
wildlife management
History
Cuyahoga River
near Cleveland, Ohio
www.oftimeandtheriver.org
Due to pollution from oil and industrial
waste, the river caught fire more than a
half dozen times during the 1950s and
1960s
History
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson, 1962
Negative effects of
pesticides and chemicals
myweb.rollins.edu
History
Silent Spring documented the
unprecedented reduction in
songbird populations in the US
due to DDT and other chemicals
“Silent Spring” refers to a
possible future without
songbirds
Pacific oil spill
near Santa Barbara, Ca., 1969
www.huffingtonpost.com
History
This oil spill landed on rich
people’s beaches…
The Oil Spill Heard ’Round
The Country!
January 28, 1969, a
“blowout” erupted below
the Unocal Corp drilling
platform Alpha. Before
it was plugged, it
spewed more than 3
million gallons of crude oil
Miles Corwin Los Angeles Times
Photo from Dick Smith collection, UCSB
History
First Earth Day
www.farmtina.com
April 22, 1970
History
US Environmental History: Third Period
Environmental Problems
Jan 1970 – Pres Nixon signs the National
Environmental Policies Act (NEPA)
– created Council on Environmental
Quality
– required an Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) for Federal actions
that might impact the environment
History
US Environmental History: Third Period
Environmental Problems
Jun 1970 – Environmental Protection
Agency created
History
Key Environmental Protection Laws
Clean Air Act
Solid Waste Disposal Act
Wilderness Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Clean Water Act Endangered Species Act
“Superfund” Act Toxic Substances Control
Food Security Act Federal Pesticide Act
Federal Water Pollution Act
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Soil & Water Conservation Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act
National Environmental Policy Act
History
PROJECT QUESTIONS 4,5
Clean Air Act
Endangered Species Act
Wilderness Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Federal Water Pollution Act
Toxic Substances Control
Solid Waste Disposal Act
Clean Water Act
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Soil & Water Conservation Act
Federal Pesticide Act
“Superfund” Act
Marine Mammal Protection Act Food Security Act
National Environmental Policy Act
Which one do you think has the most
impact on your life?
Questions?
www.career.gatech.edu
History
The Population Bomb
by Paul Ehrlich
1968
en.wikipedia.org
History
Ehrlich predicted widespread
starvation and a catastrophic
failure of agricultural systems,
arguing that the human
population could not continue to
grow without outstripping its
food supply
History
The Tragedy of the Commons
by Garrett Hardin
1968
www.garretthardinsociety.org
History
“Freedom is the recognition of
necessity”–and it is the role
of education to reveal to all the
necessity of abandoning the
freedom to breed.
Only so, can we put an end to
this aspect of the tragedy of
the commons.”
sqswans.weebly.com
History
In retrospect, with population
rising at an unprecedented
rate, it is easy to see why
people became alarmed
History
Before 1920, no one had seen a
doubling of world population
within their lifetime
Between 1920 and 1970, the
population more than doubled in
only 50 years
History
In the late 1960s, the rate of
world population growth reached
what would turn out to be its
peak
History
Human populations have always
been subject to war, famine
and plague
These limited human populations
History
In the 20th century, better
health and hygiene, more food
production and better nutrition
allowed human populations to
grow
History
However, in the 20th century,
population growth rates declined
for an unprecedented reason:
History
However, in the 20th century,
population growth rates declined
for an unprecedented reason:
human choice
History
The forces that influence
family size are numerous and
complex, personal and local
Government policies, religious
views and societal attitudes
play a role
History
Two factors seem to be
particularly influential globally:
urbanization and economic
status
Improving economic conditions
and increasing urbanization both
seem to reduce population
growth
History
E. O. Wilson says, that once
women can make their own
decisions, they opt for a small
number of quality children as
opposed to producing
big families
en.wikipedia.org
History
Since 1970, the population
growth rate has dropped by
almost half, from 2.1% (1970)
percent down to 1.2% (2010)
History
Now it is projected that the
average woman will have 2.1
children in her lifetime, which
is at or below the birthrate
needed to replace the woman
and one man
History
Because there are still a
number of women who have not
passed through (or even
reached) the end of their
childbearing years, population is
continuing to grow but at an
ever decreasing rate
History
E. O. Wilson predicts that
population pressures will
continue to increase through
2050 but then subside later in
the 21st century
History
Sometime after 2050,
according to some demographic
estimates, the
world population
could already
be in decline
www.sos2006.jp
History
PROJECT QUESTIONS 6,7
Which do you think is most likely?
History
Environmental History: Fourth
Period: Sustainable Development
for the future
of our world
History
International Environmental Policy
customary law –
long-standing practices
conventional law – treaties
History
International Environmental Policy
customary law –
long-standing practices
conventional law – treaties
no mechanism to enforce
History
International Environmental Policy
agencies act to “influence behavior”
UN
World Bank
EU
World Trade Organization
NGOs
History
Economics and the Environment
Assumptions of classical economics:
–Resources are infinite
–Long-term effects are discounted
–Costs and benefits are internal
external costs are not considered
–Growth is good
History
PROJECT QUESTIONS 8,9
Project:
What do you think is the most
important key to sustaining our
environment?
Why do you think it is
important?
Questions?
www.career.gatech.edu
FLOODS!
History
PROJECT QUESTIONS
As we go over the floods,
please fill in the info for the
table questions 10, 11 and 12
History
Johnstown, PA was founded in the
early 1800s
In 1836, the Pennsylvania Main
Line Canal brought prosperity to
the village
As part of the canal system, the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
built the South Fork Dam and
reservoir
History
In the 1850s, the Pennsylvania
Railroad passed through
Johnstown and the dam was
sold to the railroad
History
A group of speculators from
Pittsburgh purchased the
abandoned reservoir, modified
it, and converted it into a
private resort lake for their
wealthy associates
History
Development included lowering
the dam to make its top wide
enough to hold a road, and
putting a fish screen in the
spillway
History
The modified dam frequently
sprang leaks
It was patched, mostly with
mud and straw
The screen also trapped debris
A previous owner had removed
three cast iron discharge
pipes that allowed a
controlled release of water
History
These alterations increased the
vulnerability of the dam
History
By 1889, Johnstown had a
population of 30,000
It was a growing industrial
community known for the
quality of its steel
History
On May 30, 1889, a storm
struck Johnstown
It was the worst downpour that
had ever been recorded in
that part of the country
History
On the morning of May 31,
1889, the president of the
South Fork Fishing and Hunting
Club saw that the water was
nearly cresting the dam
History
He assembled a group of men
to try to unclog the spillway,
but it was blocked by the
broken fish trap and debris
History
Other men tried digging another
spillway at the other end of the
dam to relieve the pressure,
without success
History
At around 3:10 p.m., the
South Fork Dam collapsed
freeing the 20 million tons of
water to cascade down the
Little Conemaugh River
It took about 40 minutes for
the entire lake to drain
jaha.org
History
The first town to be hit by the
flood was the South Fork
Most of the people escaped by
running up the nearby hills
Despite 20 to 30 houses being
destroyed, only four people
were killed
History
On its way downstream toward
Johnstown, 14 miles away,
the crest picked up debris,
such as trees, houses, and
animals
The small town of Mineral Point
was hit
30 homes were destroyed and
16 people were killed
History
The village of East Conemaugh
was hit next
At least 50 people died,
including about 25 passengers
stranded on trains in the
town
History
From his locomotive, engineer
John Hess tried to warn
people downriver: he tied
down the train whistle and
raced backward toward East
Conemaugh
His warning saved many people
who reached high ground
photo.accuweather.com
History
The flood surge hit the Cambria
Iron Works at the town of
Woodvale, sweeping up
railroad cars and barbed wire
Of Woodvale’s 1,100 residents,
314 died in the flood
Boilers exploded causing black
smoke seen by the Johnstown
residents
57 minutes after
the South Fork
Dam collapsed,
the flood hit
Johnstown
usgwarchives.net
History
The residents were caught by
surprise as the wall of water
and debris bore down, traveling
at 40 miles per hour and
reaching a height of 60 feet
History
Debris carried by the flood
formed a temporary dam at
a bridge, resulting in the
flood surge rolling upstream
Eventually, gravity caused the
surge to return to the dam,
causing a second wave to hit
the city, but from a
different direction
History
People tried to escape by
running towards high ground
Most were hit by the surging
floodwater
Those who reached attics, or
managed to stay afloat on
pieces of floating debris
waited hours for help to
arrive
tuulenhaiven.com
History
The total death toll was 2,209,
making the disaster the largest
loss of civilian life in the United
States at the time
www.libraries.psu.edu
History
After floodwaters receded, the
pile of debris at the bridge
covered 30 acres and was 70
feet high
It took workers three months
to remove the debris
History
The demolition expert
“Dynamite Bill” Flinn and his
900-man crew cleared the
wreckage at the
Stone Bridge
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
f/f2/WilliamFlinn.JPG/220px-WilliamFlinn.JPG
jaha.org
jaha.org
History
Johnstown’s first call for help
requested coffins and
undertakers
History
Working seven days and nights,
workmen replaced the huge
stone railroad viaduct, which
had been nearly destroyed
by the flood
The Pennsylvania Railroad restored
service to Pittsburgh, 55 miles
away, by June 2 (3 days after
the flood)
History
One of the first outsiders to
arrive was Clara Barton (18211912), nurse, founder and
president of the American Red
Cross
Barton arrived on June 5, 1889
(6 days after the flood), to
lead the Red Cross’s first
major disaster relief effort
History
She did not leave f…
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