Reading on Smart Glasses Article Paper I have the article attached name paper 45 as a pdf file the paper just need to be 5-8 pages. Select an 8 to 12 page

Reading on Smart Glasses Article Paper I have the article attached name paper 45 as a pdf file the paper just need to be 5-8 pages.

Select an 8 to 12 page long FULL paper from CHI2015-2018 proceedings and write a review. Expected length: approximately 5-8 pages. This individual assignment counts for 10% of your grade

Paper selection:

The paper must present a controlled quantitative user study/experiment involving 2 or more conditions or groups that will allow you to discuss the questions listed in the next section. Articles that reported observations, interviews, surveys or quasi-experiments are not good candidates for this review assignment. Provide the title of the paper and the url of the paper in the ACM digital library.

Required topics to cover: (Total points 37)

The review should discuss the following topics:

the research area of the paper and why is that area important (3 points)
the research question(s) of the study/studies (2 points)
Did the authors propose specific hypotheses for the study? If yes, what are the hypotheses? (2 points)
the research methodology of the study/studies, including but not limited to (24 points)
What is the general design of the study (between group, within group, or mixed?)? What is the strength and limitations of this design? Is the design appropriate for this study? (6 points)
What are the independent and dependent variables of the study? Are the variables appropriate for the research question? How many conditions and/or groups are examined in the study? (5 points)
How were the independent variables controlled? How were the dependent variables measured? (5 points)
What are the statistical tests used in the study? Why were they chosen? Are the tests appropriate for the study? Provide one or more sample statements from the paper that report statistical test results (6 points)
Is the general research methodology solid? (2 points)
What are the findings of the study? Are the research hypotheses supported by the result? (3 points)
What are the limitations of the study? (3 points)

References (3 points)

The review paper is required to have a minimum of 7 references (not including the paper that is being reviewed). Only 2 of the references can be from the web. A minimum of 5 references must be from books, research journals, or conference proceedings. PLEASE note that the citations in the paper must match up exactly with the reference list. Any paper with citations not in the reference list, or vice versa, will automatically lose 20%. CHI 2018 Paper
CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada
Reading on Smart Glasses: The Effect of
Text Position, Presentation Type and Walking
1
Rufat Rzayev1 , Pawe? W. Woz?niak1 , Tilman Dingler2 , Niels Henze1
University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, {firstname.lastname}@vis.uni-stuttgart.de
2 Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan, tilman@cs.osakafu-u.ac.jp
ABSTRACT
Smart glasses are increasingly being used in professional contexts. Having key applications such as short messaging and
newsreader, they enable continuous access to textual information. In particular, smart glasses allow reading while performing other activities as they do not occlude the user’s world
view. For efficient reading, it is necessary to understand how a
text should be presented on them. We, therefore, conducted
a study with 24 participants using a Microsoft HoloLens to
investigate how to display text on smart glasses while walking
and sitting. We compared text presentation in the top-right,
center, and bottom-center positions with Rapid Serial Visual
Presentation (RSVP) and line-by-line scrolling. We found
that text displayed in the top-right of smart glasses increases
subjective workload and reduces comprehension. RSVP yields
higher comprehension while sitting. Conversely, reading with
scrolling yields higher comprehension while walking. Insights
from our study inform the design of reading interfaces for
smart glasses.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.m. Information Interfaces and Presentation (e.g. HCI):
Miscellaneous
Author Keywords
Smart Glasses; reading; RSVP; HoloLens; reading on the go.
INTRODUCTION
Smart glasses are increasingly used in various fields, including
manufacturing, gaming, engineering, and research. These
wearable displays provide users with information through an
overlay in front of their eyes. In particular, smart glasses
offer the possibility to access information without holding a
device in the hand. Optical see-through smart glasses do not
completely occlude the users’ field of view and allow being
aware of the surroundings. Therefore, using these wearable
displays while being on the move does not require abrupt
attention shifts between the device and the environment.
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CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montreal, QC, Canada
© 2018 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ISBN 978-1-4503-5620-6/18/04. . . $15.00
Figure 1. One participant is reading with RSVP while walking during
the study. In the study, we investigated the effect of different text positions and presentation types on binocular see-through smart glasses.
Presenting text is one of the functions of smart glasses. For
other mobile devices, previous research shows that walking
affects reading [24, 26]. However, it is not clear if this effect is
also valid for reading on smart glasses. As see-through smart
glasses do not completely occlude users’ field of view, it is
promising to use smart glasses for reading while walking. Related work shows that smart glasses enable higher awareness
of the surroundings than smartphones [21]. While presenting
text on smart glasses, it is important that user’s visual field
is not completely occluded. We need an effective solution
that only occupies a part of the screen. Therefore, line-byline scrolling and Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)
are promising presentation types for reading on smart glasses.
With line-by-line scrolling, the text is split into lines which
are presented one after the other. RSVP, a concept introduced
by Forster [7], is a technique that presents text word by word
in a rapid sequence at a fixed location. As both techniques
only require display space for a single word or a short phrase,
they are especially useful when the display space is limited.
Since these presentation types appear only on one part of smart
glasses, it is not clear how the text position affects the reading.
In this paper, we compare three text positions and two presentation types for a binocular see-through smart glasses while
walking and sitting. We compared three text positions: 1) topright as the Google Glass’ display; 2) center as the most
noticeable position based on the related work [4]; and 3)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173619
Paper 45
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CHI 2018 Paper
bottom-center which is the subtitle position in movies. As
presentation types, we use RSVP and reading with line by line
scrolling. We conducted a study with a reading application we
developed for the Microsoft HoloLens (see Figure 1).
Through a study with 24 participants, we determine text comprehension, reading and walking speed, perceived workload as
well as subjective preference. By comparing the text positions
and presentation types on smart glasses while walking and
sitting, we make following contributions:
1. We show that presenting text in the lower center or center
of smart glasses increases comprehension and decreases
perceived workload, both while walking and sitting.
2. We demonstrate that RSVP results in higher text comprehension while sitting whereas reading with scrolling increases
comprehension while walking.
RELATED WORK
Our work is based on previous research on reading while
walking, text presentation, and effects of text placement on
smart glasses.
Reading On The Go
Mobile devices enable a user to access information on the go.
A fundamental way of consuming information is reading. Previous work showed that walking has an effect on reading on
mobile devices. Mustonen et al. investigated text legibility on
mobile phones while walking at different speeds [18]. Their
results show that increasing walking speed reduces visual performance, and that performance declines as task load increases.
Similarly, Schildbach and Rukzio, compared reading while
walking and standing [24]. They found that walking reduces
reading performance and increases workload. Increasing the
text size does not decrease adverse effects because of the need
to scroll more frequently. Vadas et al. compared text comprehension when reading on a handheld mobile device with
text to speech output while walking and sitting [26]. They
show that walking causes a significantly higher perceived task
load and lower comprehension compared to stationary reading.
Comprehending information from an audio output led to a
higher walking speed and path accuracy than reading from a
visual display. Furthermore, walking speed was significantly
faster with audio than reading on a smart phone.
Overall, previous work showed that walking has an adverse
effect on reading using smartphones: reading text on a mobile
phone and the task of navigating the environment requires sharing the attention. Reading on smart glasses might be affected
by walking as well. However, the only work investigating
reading on smart glasses while walking was by Lucero and
Vetek [15]. In their work, an application that showed social
network notifications on see-through smart glasses was studied. It was found that receiving minimalistic notifications on
smart glasses while walking does not interfere with what users
are seeing. However, it is not clear how walking while reading
on smart glasses affects comprehension and workload. It is
also not clear if reading on smart glasses while walking affects
reading and walking speeds.
Paper 45
CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada
Text Presentation
Different screen sizes pose challenges for displaying text efficiently for reading. Previous work investigated how text presentation affects reading. Researchers considered the effect of
the number of text lines, splitting of sentences, reading speed,
and text length on reading. Work by Dillon et al. suggests
that display size does not affect text comprehension whereas
sentence splitting between pages results in a frequent return to
the previous page to reread the text [5]. However, Duchnicky
and Kolers showed that users read only 9% slower when one
or two lines of text are presented at the same time compared
to presenting 20 lines of text at a time [6]. Furthermore, text
and background contrast variations affect text legibility [23].
It was also shown that longer text could overload users and
hence result in lower comprehension [17].
Reading from small displays requires more interaction than
reading on large displays [5]. Rapid Serial Visual Presentation
(RSVP) for reading allows displaying text on small screens
and does not require frequent interactions. RSVP presents
text word-by-word in a fixed location and enables to read
without large eye movements. A large body of work discussed
the advantages and limitations of RSVP. Hedin and Lindgren
examined text comprehension and efficiency when reading on
mobile devices using RSVP and scrolling [12]. They found
that despite a higher preference for reading with scrolling,
comprehension was roughly equal for both presentation types.
Furthermore, efficiency, computed as comprehension score
multiplied by reading speed, was higher for RSVP than for
scrolling. Kang and Muter found that comprehension using
Times Square reading, where a text automatically scrolls from
right to left, was as high as comprehension using RSVP [14].
A study by Hester et al. suggests that traditional reading, when
all text is displayed on the screen at once, and reading with
RSVP result in the same level of comprehension [13].
RSVP has recently gained more attention owing to Spritz 1 .
It is a commercial application that enables speed reading of
digital textual content using the RSVP technology. With Spritz
each word is aligned on the Optimal Recognition Point, the
letter most important to understand the word. In a study,
Benedetto et al. found that reading with Spritz reduces comprehension and increases visual fatigue as well as workload [2].
Furthermore, it has been found that RSVP causes higher mental load than traditional presentation types [9]. High mental load reduces secondary task performance. Smart glasses
may solve this insufficiency by allowing the reader to maintain overview of the environment while concentrating on the
text without the need for scrolling or paging interaction. Furthermore, reading with RSVP is promising for smart glasses:
Firstly, because of current low-resolution smart glasses presenting all text at once results in poor readability. Secondly,
displaying a page of text on smart glasses occludes the surroundings and therefore might hinder navigation. Thus, smart
glasses might benefit from using RSVP for presenting text.
However, it is not clear how reading with this presentation
type on smart glasses affects comprehension and workload.
1 http://www.spritzinc.com
(last accessed January 20, 2018)
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CHI 2018 Paper
CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada
Text Position on Smart Glasses
METHOD
The position of textual information on smart glasses can affect
users’ ability to perceive the surroundings and simultaneously
comprehend the text. Previous work provides initial insights
into the effect of different text positions on smart glasses.
Multiple studies focus on putting text into the environment
using augmented reality (AR) smart glasses. Gabbard et al.
investigated text readability using see-through AR glasses by
comparing text drawing styles, outdoor background textures,
and natural lighting [8]. They showed that a fully-saturated
green drawing style enabled the highest reading performance
and that participants performed the slowest when the text overlayed onto a sidewalk texture. Orlosky et al. proposed a
dynamic text management system that maintains changes in
the position of the textual information on a see-through wearable display in the user’s field of view [20]. As the user moves,
the system finds dark, uniform regions within the user’s field
of view to place the information. Furthermore, previous work
suggested algorithms for placement of annotations in an AR
environment using smart glasses. Bell et al. developed an
algorithm to arrange a large number of annotations to increase
visibility and avoid occlusion [1]. Makita et al. suggested a
method for optimal location to overlay annotations of moving
or non-rigid objects using wearable augmented reality system [16]. As text must be presented at a fixed position relative
to the user, dynamic label placement cannot be used for longer
reading sessions.
To gain a deeper understanding of reading on smart glasses,
we conducted a study that investigated three text positions and
two presentation types on smart glasses while walking and
sitting. The aim was to provide an answer to the following
research question: What is the most efficient combination of
text presentation type and position for reading text on seethrough smart glasses while walking and sitting? For the
study, we chose RSVP and reading with line-by-line scrolling
as text presentation types as they do not completely occlude
the surroundings. Furthermore, we used three text positions:
top-right as the Google Glass’ display, center as the most
noticeable position based on the related work [4], and bottomcenter as a location of a subtitle in a movie.
Previous works also studied text positions on smart glasses.
Tanaka et al. investigated the viewability of information on an
optical see-through smart glasses [25]. The authors divided
the screen to find the ideal area for displaying information. For
finding the area, the proposed method relies on the evaluation
of the image of the scene behind the smart glasses by using
a camera mounted on it. Chua et al. investigated the effect
of the physical position of the display of a monocular smart
glasses on performance in dual-task scenarios [4]. In a study
comparing nine display positions, participants had to drive a
car simulator and react to incoming notifications by clicking
the button behind the steering wheel. The notifications were
displayed in nine different positions. The results showed that
the middle-center was the most noticeable position, whereas
the participants mostly preferred the middle-right position.
Participants
We recruited 24 participants (8 female) through our university
mailing lists. Their average age was M = 23.5 (SD = 2.8)
years. Most had a background in IT and were university
students. Seven wore glasses (29%), and three wore contact
lenses (12.5%) while participating in the study. 75% of the
participants reported their English proficiency level as upper
intermediate and above. Six were acquainted with the RSVP
reading technique (25%), and 11 had experience with smart
glasses (45.8%). Except for two participants, all (91.6%)
indicated that they read texts from their smartphones while
walking on a regular basis. Participants received 10EUR or
course credits for taking part in the study.
Study Design
We employed a mixed design with three independent variables: mobility, presentation type, and text position. Mobility
(walking, sitting) was a between-subject factor. Presentation
type (RSVP, reading with scrolling) and text position (center,
top-right, bottom-center) were within-subject factors, which
resulted in a total of 12 conditions. As dependent variables, we
measured text comprehension, reading speed, walking speed
(in walking conditions), subjective task load assessed by the
Raw TLX (RTLX) [11], and perceived satisfaction using the
“overall reactions to the software” part of the Questionnaire
for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS) [3] after each condition. In addition, we asked participants to provide qualitative
feedback for each condition.
Apparatus
Summary
In summary, previous work showed that walking has a negative effect on reading using mobile phones. In particular,
attention shifting between text and environment while on the
go decreased reading comprehension. Smart glasses might
reduce this adverse effect by overlaying the text in front of
the user’s eyes. Previous work suggests that text presentation
types also affect reading. RSVP and line-by-line scrolling are
especially promising for reading on smart glasses since they
do not completely occlude users’ field of view. Furthermore,
there is an effect of position on viewability of information
on smart glasses. However, it is not clear how reading on
smart glasses is affected by walking, presentation type, and
text position.
Paper 45
To conduct the study, we developed a prototype using smart
glasses that ran an application enabling a text to be presented
in three text positions and two presentation types. As smart
glasses, we used a Microsoft HoloLens that had see-through
lenses and runs Windows 10. We used Unity 5.5.1f1 2 to
develop the application. The application displayed white text
on a transparent background with the monospace font Droid
Sans Mono 3 . The application could show text in the topright, center, and bottom-center of smart glasses (see Figure 2).
We used 6.5? elevation and azimuth angles to generate these
positions. The text was placed 1.5m in front of the user. This
2 https://unity3d.com
(last accessed January 20, 2018)
3 https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Droid+Sans+Mono
(last ac-
cessed January 20, 2018)
Page 3
CHI 2018 Paper
CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada
Figure 3. Participants are reading text on a HoloLens while walking
(left) or sitting (right).
Figure 2. Reading with RSVP (top) and line-by-line scrolling (bottom).
Green rectangular represents the field of view of the used smart glasses,
and labels A, B, and C show top-right, center, and bottom-center positions respectively.
distance is within the close social space (1.2 ? 2.1m) [10] and
similar to the distance of a person reading text on a poster or
public display. Perceived font height was 4cm for an upper
case H. We selected the font size through a pilot study with
seven participants. In the pilot study, participants compared
different font sizes from 1.5m distance on a HoloLens while
walking. Each participant started reading a text with a font
height of 1cm for an upper case H. We increased the font
height by 1cm until the participant assessed the text readable
and not distracting. 5 participants (71.4%) selected font height
of 4cm for an upper case H.
We used the algorithm applied in OpenSpritz 4 , a free speed
reading bookmarklet, to create the RSVP presentation type.
In RSVP reading, the application displayed text sequentially
and centered around a red letter which acted as a resting point
for the user’s eyes while reading. Based on the used algorithm, the red letter appeared roughly after the first third of
the words. Depending on word length and punctuation characters, the used algorithm displayed word for different durations.
Words with more than eight characters and words followed by
a comma, colon, dash, or open bracket were displayed twice
as long as other words. Furthermore, after each punctuation
character, the algorithm paused for the same as displaying
three words in the selected reading speed. The application enabled starting, pausing and resuming the reading flow and also
enabled changing the speed of the text presentation. To avoid
potential effects caused by learning to use a new interaction
modality, such as HoloLens’s mid-air gestures, we decided to
used a Bluetooth mouse to control the reading.With a click on
the left mouse button, users could start or pause/resume the
text presentation. The speed of the RSV…
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