Spatial Politics in Jerusalem essay This one will ask you to integrate lecture and reading materials in a carefully written and well-organized essay. Firs

Spatial Politics in Jerusalem essay This one will ask you to integrate lecture and reading materials in a carefully written and well-organized essay.

First, please do your very best on this.

This is important. The essay should be about 3-4 pages. MLA format

You must have specific examples from lecture and from the reading assignments.

No outside sources

Use your own words, and try to use the reading and books as many as you can.

You can use subtitle to separate these 4 communities that you write. Single space

You should use example from reading to support your points

Please read everything carefully.

Have a clear and well-organized introduction and conclusion.

Texts:

Amos Oz, In the Land of Israel.
Yossi Klein Halevi, Like Dreamers:The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers Who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation.
Sari Nusseibeh and Anthony David, Once Upon a Country:A Palestinian Life.
Anne B. Shlay and Gillad Rosen, Jerusalem:The Spatial Politics of a Divided Metropolis.

The Question:

During the course of our study of Jerusalem, we have seen how religion and politics are intimately connected and are virtually inseparable, and how the city is fractured by competing and conflicted worldviews. We have described these worldviews as the Mainline Zionists, the Haredim, the Edot Ha-Mizrach (the Jewish communities whose origins are in North Africa or the Middle East), the Messianic Suburbanites, the Hashemites or Jordanians, the Palestinian Nationalists, the Palestinian Islamists, and the Christians.Those with deep knowledge of Jerusalem argue in a lasting peace agreement between the Israelis and the Palestinians, there must be some accommodation for the joint sovereignty and autonomy of Israel and Palestine in the city. There is considerable agreement that this is the way forward with the very difficult problem of Jerusalem.However, this accommodation must take into account the powers of sacred places and the worldviews that are present in the city and in the larger arena of the conflict.

We have looked at four of these communities more carefully than the others, namely

The Haredim, the Messianic Suburbanites, the Palestinian Nationalists, and the Palestinian Islamists.

Please write a well-organized, well-written, and comparative essay on these 4 communities that I have chosen on the following:

How do these worldviews or communities understand the relationship between religion and politics?

How do they attempt to realize or achieve their worldviews in the specific politics of the city?

How have their religion and politics been managed in the history of the city since 1948 and how might they be managed in the future?

How to Write this:

Make certain that you have reviewed the introductory materials from the class that involved general issues about the nature and construction of sacred places.
Review the material on the history and sanctity of Jerusalem in the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions.How did the Six Day War impact the city?
How do each of these groups play out their politics in the city according to Shlay and Rosen?
Keep in mind how each of the eight/seven worldviews or groups have parallel or conflicting interests in their politics.
How does each group seek to build the sanctity of Jerusalem?Can you point to specific examples from lecture and from the reading assignments?
Review the materials on the seven worldviews of Jerusalem:the haredim, the mainline Zionists, the messianic suburbanites or the settlers, the Hashemites, the Palestinian nationalists, the Palestinian Islamists, and the Christians.
You must also demonstrate your command of the reading materials.So for example, if you were to write on the messianic suburbanites, I would expect to see discussion of Halevi’s Like Dreamers or Amos Oz’s In the Land of Israel or of the Palestinian Nationalists, some discussion Nusseibeh’s, Once upon a Country. Chronology of Jerusalem
Middle to Late Bronze Age
2400 BCE
Earliest mention of Jerusalem in texts discovered at Ebla in Syria
2000 BCE
Mention of Jerusalem in Execration Texts in Egypt
1450
Letters from Jerusalem sent to Tel-el-Amarna in Egypt
1300
The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan and perhaps settle in
Samaria and Judea, leaving Jerusalm a Jebusite city.
First Temple Period (1200-586 BCE)
1000 BCE
David captures Jerusalem from the Jebusites and makes it his
capital because of its strategic location. It is easily defended,
has its own water supply, and is in “neutral” territory outside
the influence of the tribes.
960 BCE
Solomon builds the First Temple. Jerusalem becomes a
cosmopolitan city with commercial links to North and East
Africa, the Arabian peninsula, the Persian Gulf, and the
Indian subcontinent.
720 BCE
Hezekiah builds underground conduit to Siloam Pool in
lower city and fortifies the city to withstand Assyrian siege.
587/86
The city and its Temple destroyed by Babylonians under
Nebuchadnezzar. Many survivors deported to Babylon.
Many Israelites escaped by fleeing to Egypt.
Second Temple Period (538 BCE—70 CE)
538 BCE
After almost fifty years of exile, Israelites who wish are
allowed to return to Jerusalem under the Persian monarch
Cyrus. Many of the exiles seem to have preferred diasporic
life in Babylon.
515 BCE
The Second Temple is completed. Ezra arrives from
Babylonia in 455.
In approximately 440, Nehemiah
completes expansion of the city’s walls. The city is now
almost double the size of the city during the First Temple
Period.
332 BCE
Alexander the Great enters the Near East, but does not visit
Jerusalem. Greek culture is diffused throughout the Middle
East.
167-166 BCE
Judah Ha-Makkabi overthrows Syrian-Greek rule in Judea
and re-establishes Jewish sovereignty over Jerusalem.
Hellenistic culture continues to influence Jewish life.
63 BCE
The Roman general Pompey ends a century of Jewish
independence and sovereignty; Judea is ruled by surrogate
Roman “approved” kings and proconsuls.
37 BCE
Herod the Great appointed “King of the Jews” by the Roman
Senate. He rules for thirty-three years, transforming the city
and the Temple into one of the wonders of the world. Yet,
he never gained any affection of the populace.
Probable date of Jesus’ crucifixion.
33 CE
66-71 CE
Massive revolt against Roman rule begins. The Roman
generals, Titus and Vespacian lay siege to the city,
destroying the Second Temple with widespread devastation
of the city (70 CE). The revolt collapses with the fall of the
Herodian palace and fortress of Masada near the Dead Sea
(71 CE).
The Roman Period (70-324 CE)
132 CE
A second great revolt of the Jews begins against Roman rule
led by Shimon Bar-Kokhbah, provoked in part by plans to
turn Jerusalem into a Roman city. After three years of
fighting, the revolt is crushed at the city of Betar, south of
Jerusalem. Those not killed are exiled or sold into slavery.
Jews are forbidden to live in Jerusalem.
135 CE
Jerusalem is renamed Aelia Capitolina, in honor of the
Emperor Hadrian’s family. Hadrian also renames the
geographical area, using the term Palestina to encompass
what had earlier been Judea, Samaria, and Southern Syria.
Hadrian also gives Jerusalem’s walls their final rectangular
shape and turned the site of the Temple of the Jews into a
Temple of Jupiter. He erects a huge state of himself, the
Divine Hadrian, near the new sanctuary of Jupiter. Two
straight and wide avenues are laid through the city’s center,
the Cardo (the north-south axis) and Decumanus (the eastwest axis) which continue to influence Jerusalem’s urban
structure until today.
The Byzantine Period (324-638 CE)
324 CE
Queen Helene, the mother of Constantine, locates the major
sites relating to the Crucifixion of Jesus, including pieces of
the “True Cross.” Around these sites, in 335 Constantine
builds the complex later called the Church of the Holy
Sepulcher. He also builds a “new” large church in the southeastern quarter of the city.
363 CE
In order to falsify the claims of Christians, the Emperor
Julian allows the Jews to begin rebuilding their Temple,
which Jesus in the Gospel narratives tells his disciples will
never come to pass. The project is cut short when Julian dies
in Persia. Throughout the remainder of the fourth and fifth
centuries, there is massive building of Christian institutions
in the city.
614 CE
The Persians launch a series of assaults on the Byzantine
Christians. The Jews support the Persians and in return for
their support are allowed limited sovereignty over the city
and Palestine.
629 CE
Byzantine forces recapture the city and slaughter much of the
city’s Jewish population for their “treachery” with the
Persians.
The Muslim Period (638-1099 CE)
638 CE
Jerusalem surrenders to the Caliph Umar’s army without a
fight. The surrender treaty, often referred to as “The Pact of
Umar,” guarantees freedom of settlement and worship for
Jews and Christians of the city, although legally
subordinated to the Muslims who are now trickling into the
city. A small wooden mosque is built on the site of what is
today al-Aqsa in order to prayer at the site of the prophets of
the Hebrew Bible, most importantly here, King David and
his son King Solomon.
697 CE
Construction of the Dome of the Rock is completed on the
site of the Temple Mount where Muhammad is said to have
begun his “Ascension to Heaven” after his miraculous
“Night Journey” from Mecca. Al-Aqsa Mosque is expanded
a few years later. Both buildings are intended to compete
with Christian buildings in the city. The walls of the city are
repaired. The Muslims also build several public buildings
which have survived to this day, including several fountains
and water reservoirs, cemeteries, caravan-lodgings.
969 CE
The rise of the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, al-Hakim,
inaugurates a century of anti-Christian and anti-Jewish
persecutions and widespread destruction of churches and
synagogues.
The Crusader Period (1099-1187)
1099
Jerusalem is conquered by the Crusader knight Godfrey of
Bouillon, who was proclaimed by the Church as “Advocate
of the Holy Sepulcher,” after slaughtering the Jewish and
Muslim residents of the city, destroying their places of
worship and banning their residence in the city. The “Latin
Kingdom” of the Crusaders in Jerusalem lasts less then a
century. The Crusader’s develop a style of architecture
which is distinctive from architectural forms in Europe
which featured block like buildings, and employ this
architectural form in churches, public buildings and a string
of fortresses which run from Egypt to Syria. They also
transform both the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa mosque
into Christian sites controlled by the Templar Knights.
1187
The Kurdish-Muslim warrior Salah al-Din from the town of
Tikrit in what is today Iraq defeats the Christian forces at
Hittin near the Sea of Galilee and shortly afterward
recaptures the city of Jerusalem. The Christians are forced
from the city and are given a thin strip of land along the
Mediterranean coastline. Their capital is the port city of St.
Jean d’Acre. Jews and certain Christian groups like the
Armenians are given rights once again to live in the city.
1229
The Latins or Western Christians are able to stage a short
return to Jerusalem in the wake of Salah al-Din’s death. The
Jews, Muslims and non-Catholic Christians flee the city
fearing the retribution of the Latins. The Christians are
massacred or sold into slavery when the Muslims regain the
city.
Maneluke Period (1250-1517)
1250 CE
Mamelukes, an elite warrior-caste of Christian-born soldiers
who had been taken from their families while young boys
and raised apart from society as strict Muslims, revolt
against their Muslim masters and found their own dynasty in
Egypt and Palestine. During their moderately tolerant reign,
the quarters of the city (Muslim, Christian, Jewish and
Armenian) acquire their present forms. They initiate
extensive public building in their own unique architectural
style.
1492 CE
After a full century, the Inquisition tightens its hold upon the
Iberian peninsula. The Jews are expelled from Spain and
then Portugal. The rising Ottoman Empire in the east opens
its doors to the refugees, who respond by emigrating to the
Ottoman provinces in large numbers. In Palestine, these
immigrants take up residence Jerusalem, Tiberias, Gaza, and
Beer Sheva. They also establish new towns, most important
of which is Safed.
The Ottoman Period (1517-1917)
1517
Jerusalem is incorporated into the expanding Ottoman
Empire which, though tolerant of Jews, was harsh towards
Christians in its early years. Over time, however, the
Ottomans develop the millet system giving non-Muslims
effective control over their own internal affairs.
1538
The Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds the
city’s walls and infrastructure, including aquaducts,
reservoirs, fountains, and reinforcing the Jaffa Gate and
Citadel complex. Due to lack of resources, strategic value
and commercial life, as well as a deteriorating Ottoman
administration, Jerusalem declines throughout the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Palestine is over-taxed
and driven toward pauperization.
1799
European imperialism in the Middle East when Napoleon,
seeing the internal weakness of the Ottoman regime, invades
Egypt and Palestine. Though unsuccessful, Napoleon’s
efforts arose competition among the European powers for
spheres of influence in the Middle East. Jerusalem, where
political intrigues are intimately bound to religious matters,
becomes a center of intra-European rivalry in the late 19th
century.
1831-1840
A nine year interlude in the history of Ottoman
administration of Jerusalem proves to be a turning point in
modern Jerusalem’s history. Muhammad Ali, the Albanianborn governor of Egypt who has reorganized his army and
administration along the lines of European parallels, rebels
against the Ottoman Sultan. He quickly takes Palestine and
Syria and threatens to seize the very heart of the Ottoman
Empire. To gain the support of the European powers, he
encourages the settlement of European Christians and Jews
in Jerusalem. They are permitted to rebuild their places of
worship. He also invites a European presence in the city.
The first consulate (British) opens in Jerusalem in 1838.
However, in the end, the Europeans support the Ottomans
and Muhammad Ali is forced to withdraw to Egypt.
1840
The Ottoman Turks return, but to an unalterably different
situation. They are forced to sign capitulations in return for
European support in defeating Muhammad Ali. These give
European citizens extra-territorial rights in the Ottoman
Empire. More consulates open in Jerusalem. Russia begins
to identify itself as the defender of the Ottomans against the
European powers and as the legitimate representative of the
Greek Orthodox church spread throughout the empire. NonMuslim citizens push to organize their lives in the city
without interference from the Muslims.
1841
The first Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem is appointed,
marking the beginning of Protestant institution building in
the city.
1847
The Latin Patriarchate is re-established for the first time
since the Crusades. The Latin Patriarch will remain a
European Catholic until 1987 when Pope John Paul II names
Michel Sabbah who was born in Nazareth the first
Palestinian Latin Patriarch in the city’s history. He retains
the position until 2008.
1860
The first neighborhood outside the wall of the city,
Mishkenot She’ananim, is built by the British-Jewish
philanthropist, Moses Montefiore. Within 30 years, over
thirty new neighborhoods will arise in the “New City” of
Jerusalem. Most of these are Jewish neighborhoods, but the
European powers, the Catholic Church, American
Protestants, and the Greek Orthodox Church also begin to
stake out new neighborhoods in a feverish rush to control the
new urban space expanding around the Old City’s walls.
Among the new neighborhoods are the Russian Compound
and the American Colony.
1891
The first Palestinian protest against modern Jewish
settlement in Palestine and Jerusalem. Palestinian notables
write a letter to Istanbul requesting that the Ottomans curtail
Jewish immigration and deny them the right to buy land.
1892
Opening of the Jerusalem-Jaffe railroad, cutting travel time
to the coast from a day and a half to three hours. The Belle
Epoque and the Gay 90’s begin in Jerusalem.
1896
Theodor Herzl publishes The Jewish State.
1897
The First Zionist Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland.
1898
Theodor Herzl spends one week in Jerusalem and meets
Kaiser Wilhelm II in Jerusalem.
1909
Publication of the first Palestinian nationalist newspaper alKarmil. This is followed in 1911 by the publication of a
second newspaper, Filastin. Both were published in Jaffe by
Greek Orthodox Palestinians.
British Mandatory Period (1917-1948)
1917
The British government signs the Balfour Declaration.
General Allenby defeats the Turks in a series of battles in
Gaza and at the entrance to Jerusalem at Nebi Samwil, and
enters Jerusalem at the head of the victorious British
Expeditionary Force, putting an end to 400 years of Ottoman
rule.
1919
The first Palestinian Nationalist Congress which triggers a
fierce internal struggle over who would represent the
Palestinian Arab community and whether Palestine is part of
Syria.
1920
First anti-Jewish riots in Jerusalem. Sir Herbert Samuel
arrives as the first British High Commissioner of Palestine.
1921
Al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husayni appointed Mufti of
Jerusalem.
1922
Establishment of the Supreme Muslim Council.
1925
Hebrew University of Jerusalem opened on Mount Scopus.
1929
First large-scale attacks on Jews, Hebron, and in the Galilee,
setting the stage for the communal riots and demonstrations
of the mid-1930s that pitted Jewish against Palestinian
aspirations. In Hebron, 67 Jews are murdered, nearly half
are American students studying in Hebron; more than 400
Jews were hidden and protected by Muslims in Hebron.
Jewish community is evacuated.
1930
The Syrian cleric Ezzedin al-Qassam organizes the first
secret Muslim organization to resist the British and the
Zionists.
1935
Al-Qassam is killed by the British police after he fled from
Haifa where he had been involved in an attack on Jews.
1936-39
The first Palestinian revolt against the British and Jews, but
the revolt quickly turns into a civil war in which Palestinians
are fighting other Palestinians. By the beginning of WWII,
the Palestinian Arab community is on the verge of starvation
and most of their leadership has been killed or arrested and
exiled.
Divided Jerusalem (1948-1967)
1948
In the early months of 1948, the road leading from Tel Aviv
to Jerusalem is blockaded by an Arab army, hoping to starve
the Jewish side of the city into surrender. At the end of the
Israel’s war of independence, Jerusalem is divided into two
sections as a result of the fighting between the newborn State
of Israel and five Arab armies in Jerusalem; the Old City and
its environs to the east and north became part of Transjordan
(and then later Jordan), while the western New City, a part of
Israel. The First Knesset meeting in Jerusalem proclaims
Jerusalem as Israel’s capital in 1949. Those on the no-man’s
land separating the two sides move to other places in the city
and in the 1950s, Moroccan Jews become squatters in their
homes which are at the very center of the city.
1964
Palestinian Liberation Organization is formed and holds its
first Palestinian National Council meeting at the
Intercontinental Hotel on the Mount of Olives (technically
outside the Jordanian municipal boundaries of East
Jerusalem. Ahmad Shuqairi, born in Lebanon and grew up
in Acco, is made the first Chairman.
1965
Teddy Kollek is elected mayor of Jerusalem for the first
time.
United Jerusalem (1967 to the present)
1967
In the Six Day War, the Old City and the entire eastern side
of the city falls to the Israelis in the first three days of the
war. The barriers that divided the city are removed. The
population of the city begins to grow rapidly alongside of
massive building ringing the city to “thicken” Jerusalem.
1968
Jewish settlers take up residence in the Park Hotel in Hebron
before launching efforts to settle in the Jewish quarter of the
city.
1969
Mayor Kollek establishes the World Advisory Committee
on the Planning and Cultural Development of Jerusalem. An
Australian tourist who believes God has commissioned him
to destroy al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock sets fire to alAqsa. Yasser Arafat and his militia, Fatah, seize leadership
of the PLO and initiate a series of attacks on Israeli citizens
in Israel and in Europe. Arafat’s leadership is marked by
two characteristics – the independence of the Palestinian
national movement and the unity of the PLO.
1978
Israel and Egypt sign the Camp David Accords in which
relations are to be normalized and Israel begins the
withdrawal from the Sinai and Israel also agrees to initiate a
process in which Palestinians will achieve autonomy in the
West Bank and Gaza (the Palestinians reject the accord).
1980
Jerusalem, Capital of Israel is made a Basic Law of the State
of Israel by the Knesset.
1983
Kollek’s One Jerusalem party takes 17 seats in the City
Council. Israel begins to dismantle the settlements in the
eastern sea coast of the Sinai. The right organizes a
movement to stop the withdrawal. An attempt on the life of
the Israel Ambassador to Britain triggers “Operation Peace
for the Galilee” in which Israel’s army quickly routs the
Palestinian militias in Southern Lebanon and encircles the
Beirut. The PLO is forced to withdraw from Lebanon and
sets up new offices in Tunis.
1984
The General Security Services arrest 26 members of the
Gush Emunim as they were preparing to blow up East
Jerusalem buses. At the center of what became known as the
machteret or the Jewish Terror Underground was a plot to
destroy the Dome of the Rock. This plan was abandoned,
but other members of the machteret had planted bombs
under the cars of prominent Palestinians mayors and others
in the National Guideance Council, and had launched an
attack against Hebron’s Islamic College in which
1987
Massive rioting and communal violence begins in December
marking a fourth Palestinian national revolt. Within the
uprising is a struggle over the nature and leadership of the
Palestinian national movement, represented by the PLO on
the “outside” and what will become known as “The Unified
National Leadership of the Uprising” on the “inside.”
1988
The intifada continues throughout the year with over 350
Palestinians killed and 13 Israelis killed. In an hour-long
televised speech King Hussein of Jordan declares that Jordan
will no longer attempt to represent the Palestinians of the
West Bank. Israel holds national elections in November –
religious parties make unprecedented gains, while Likud
takes a narrow majority and goes on to form a second unity
government in December. Palestinian National Council
issues the “Palestinian Declaration of Independence” on 15
November and implicitly accepts a two-state solution to the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Chairman Arafat is denied a visa
to speak to the UN in New York, but later addresses a special
session of the UN in Geneva. The US initiates direct talks
with the PLO after Arafat rejects terrorism and accepts UN
resolutions 242 and 338.
1989
Jerusalem municipal elections are held in February. Kollek
loses his major of 17 city council seats; “One Jerusalem”
wins only 11 seats. The power of the religious parties seen
in national elections continues in the municipal election –
Agudat Yisrael, Shas, Degel Ha-Torah, NRP, and a women’s
NRP list, Emunah, all…
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