Abortion and Reproductive Moral Rights Argumentative Essay Complete two argument summaries, representing the best (or most interesting)arguments that you c

Abortion and Reproductive Moral Rights Argumentative Essay Complete two argument summaries, representing the best (or most interesting)arguments that you can find on both sides of a specific moral issue. Eachargument summary should be 1-2 pages long (double-spaced, 12-pt. font). Abortion/Reproductive Rights
• Callahan, Daniel, “Abortion Decisions: Personal Morality” in Social Ethics, pp. 24-30.
• English, Jane, “Abortion and the Concept of a Person” in Moral Controversies, pp. 3-9 or in
Morality in Practice, pp. 170-176 or in Social Ethics, pp. 30-37 or in Taking Sides, pp. 230-237.
• Marquis, Don, “Why Abortion is Immoral” in Moral Controversies, pp. 21-33 or in Social and
Personal Ethics, pp. 140-149 or in Taking Sides, pp. 222-229.
• Noonan, John T., Jr., “An Almost Absolute Value in History” in Social Ethics, pp. 12-16 or in
Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 124-128.
• Thomson, Judith Jarvis, “A Defense of Abortion” in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 149-160.
• Warren, Mary Anne, “Abortion” in A Companion to Ethics, pp. 303-314; and “The Abortion
Issue” in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 129-140; and “On the Moral and Legal Status of
Abortion” in Social Ethics, pp. 17-23 or in Morality in Practice (ed.) James P. Sterba, pp. 159169.
• Stone, Christopher D., “Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects”
in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 175-180.
• Wenz, Peter S., “Ecology and Morality” in Moral Controversies, pp. 545-550.
Capital Punishment
• Amsterdam, Anthony G., “Race and the Death Penalty” in Moral Controversies, pp. 267-272.
• Bedau, Hugo Adam, “Capital Punishment, Retributive Justice, and Social Defense” in Moral
Controversies, pp. 237-247.
• Glover, Jonathan, “Execution” in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 402-409.
• Johnson, Robert, “This Man Has Expired: Witness to an Execution” in Moral Controversies, pp.
272-281.
• Reiman, Jeffrey H., “Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty” in Social and Personal Ethics,
pp. 416-427.
• Van Den Haag, Ernest, “On Deterrence and the Death Penalty” in Moral Controversies, pp. 248255; and “The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense” in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 409-415 or in
Taking Sides, pp. 250-256.
Euthanasia/Assisted Suicide
• Brandt, Richard B., “A Moral Principle About Killing” in Taking Sides, pp. 264-270; and “The
Morality and Rationality of Suicide” in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 90-99.
• Gay-Williams, J., “The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia” in Social Ethics, pp. 48-52 or in Social and
Personal Ethics, pp. 100-103 or in Taking Sides, pp. 260-263.
• Kuhse, Helga, “Euthanasia” in A Companion to Ethics, pp. 294-302.
• Potts, Stephen G., “Objections to the Institutionalisation of Euthanasia” in Moral Controversies,
pp. 155-158.
• Rachels, James, “Active and Passive Euthanasia” in Moral Controversies, pp. 143-146 or in
Social Ethics, pp. 52-56 or in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 104-109; and “Euthanasia” in
Matters of Life and Death, pp. 35-76; and “Euthanasia, Killing, and Letting Die” in Morality in
Practice, pp. 184-194; and “More Impertinent Distinctions and a Defense of Active Euthanasia”
in Social Ethics, pp. 62-71 or in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 114-123.
• Steinbock, Bonnie, “The Intentional Termination of Life” in Morality in Practice, pp. 194-199.
• Sullivan, Thomas D., “Active and Passive Euthanasia: An Impertinent Distinction?” in Social
Ethics, pp. 57-61 or in Social and Personal Ethics, pp. 109-114.
Poverty/Distributive Justice
• Dower, Nigel, “World Poverty” in A Companion to Ethics, pp. 273-283.
• Govier, Trudy, “The Right to Eat and the Duty to Work” in Social Ethics, pp. 325-335 or in
Taking Sides, pp. 148-156.
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Hardin, Garrett, “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Helping the Poor” in Morality in Practice, pp.
90-97 or in Taking Sides, pp. 350-357; and “Living on a Lifeboat” in Social Ethics, pp. 365-372.
Hospers, John, “The Nature of the State,” in Social Ethics, pp. 318-325.
Kristol, Irving, “`Social Justice’ and the Poverty of Redistribution” in Taking Sides, pp. 157-162.
Machan, Tibor, “The Nonexistence of Basic Welfare Rights” in Moral Controversies, pp. 413419.
Nozick, Robert, “Liberty and Patterns” in Morality in Practice, pp. 34-42.
Rawls, John, “A Social Contract Perspective” in Morality in Practice, pp. 47-55.
Singer, Peter “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” in Social Ethics, pp. 359-365; and “The Famine
Relief Argument” in Morality in Practice, pp. 97-107; and “Rich and Poor” in Taking Sides, pp.
342-349.
Sterba, James P., “From Liberty to Welfare” in Moral Controversies, pp. 405-412.
War/Political Violence
• Aquinas, Thomas, “On War” in Classics of Moral and Political Theory, pp. 485-486.
• Held, Virginia, “Terrorism, Rights, and Political Goals” in Taking Sides, pp. 292-300.
• James, William, “The Moral Equivalent of War” in William James: The Essential Writings, pp.
349-361.
• Johnson, “The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism” in Morality in Practice, pp. 405-409.
• Kennedy, Moorhead, “The Root Causes of Terrorism” in Morality in Practice, pp. 399-405.
• McMahan, Jeff, “War and Peace” in A Companion to Ethics, pp. 384-395.
• Narveson, Jan, “At Arms’ Length: Violence and War” in Matters of Life and Death, pp. 125-173.
• O’Brien, Conor Cruise, “Thinking About Terrorism” in Morality in Practice, pp. 410-415.
• Phillips, Robert L., “The Roots of Terrorism” in Morality in Practice, pp. 395-398.
• Wilkinson, Paul, “Violence and Terrorism” in Taking Sides, pp. 301-307.
CLASSICS
OF
MORAL AND
POLITICAL THEORY
CLASSICS
OF
MORAL AND
POLITICAL THEORY
Fifth Edition
Edited by
MICHAEL L. MORGAN
Hackett Publishing Company
Indianapolis/Cambridge
First Edition Copyright © 1992 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Second Edition Copyright © 1996 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Third Edition Copyright © 2001 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Fourth Edition Copyright © 2005 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Fifth Edition Copyright © 2011 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
For further information, please address
Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
P.O. Box 44937
Indianapolis, Indiana 46244-0937
www.hackettpublishing.com
Cover design by Brian Rak
Interior design by Abigail Coyle
Composition by Agnew’s, Inc.
Printed at Dickinson Press
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Classics of moral and political theory / edited by Michael L. Morgan. — 5th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-60384-442-0 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-1-60384-443-7 (cloth)
1. Political ethics. 2. Political science. I. Morgan, Michael L., 1944–
JA79.C59 2011
172—dc22
2010040727
ePub ISBN: 978-1-60384-724-7
CONTENTS
Introduction
Preface to the Fifth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
SOPHOCLES
Antigone
PLATO
Euthyphro
Apology
Crito
Phaedo Death Scene (115B1–118A17)
Republic
ARISTOTLE
Nicomachean Ethics
Politics (Bk. I; Bk. II, 1–5, 9; Bk. III; Bk. IV, 1–15, 16 [abridged]; Bk. VII, 1–3, 13, 15;
Bk. VIII, 1–3)
EPICURUS
Letter to Menoeceus
Principal Doctrines
EPICTETUS
Encheiridion
AUGUSTINE
City of God (Bk. XIX [abridged])
AQUINAS
On Kingship (I, 1)
Summa Theologica (I–II, Q.90. 1–4, Q.91. 1–4, Q.94. 1–6, Q.95. 1–4, Q.96. 1–6; II–II,
Q.40. 1, Q.42. 2, Q.66. 1–2)
Disputed Questions on Virtue [abridged] (On the Virtues in General, 1–9, 13; On the
Cardinal Virtues, 1–2)
MACHIAVELLI
Letter to Francesco Vettori
The Prince
Discourses (Bk. I, 1–2; Bk. II, 1–2, 20, 29; Bk. III, 1, 9)
HOBBES
Leviathan (Dedicatory, Introduction, Pt. 1–2, Review and Conclusion)
LOCKE
Second Treatise of Government
A Letter Concerning Toleration
HUME
Treatise of Human Nature (Bk. II, Pt. III, Sec. III; Bk. III, Pt. I, Sec. I–II; Pt. II, Sec. I–II)
ROUSSEAU
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
On the Social Contract
KANT
Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals
To Perpetual Peace
MILL
On Liberty
Utilitarianism
The Subjection of Women
MARX
Alienated Labor
On the Jewish Question
Communist Manifesto
Critique of the Gotha Program
NIETZSCHE
On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life
On the Genealogy of Morality
WEBER
Politics as a Vocation
INTRODUCTION
We have called this anthology Classics of Moral and Political Theory in order to suggest by
its title some of the volume’s important features. First, it contains writings with a certain
content. Some of the texts are about moral or ethical theory in the broad sense that includes
reflection on the nature of morality and discussion of the content of the moral life, its
principles and ideals, its characteristic virtues and vices. Other works deal with political
matters, also in a broad way, often treating the relationships among political, legal, religious,
philosophical, moral, and psychological issues, discussing the nature of political institutions,
political practice, and much else. Some of these works, then, are classic moral texts; some
are classic political texts; some are both. All, however, and this is my second point, are
classics.
What is a classic? Surely there is no short and simple answer to this question. But perhaps
this much will do: A classic text is one that reverberates within one or more traditions. It is a
text that articulates powerfully influential views, positions, or conceptions; that exhibits in a
paradigmatic way models, motifs, or arguments; and that is recalled, cited, and exhibited in
subsequent discussion, inquiry, and debate. A classic, in short, is a work that makes an
important difference or at least, from a particular vantage point, is thought to have made and
to continue to make such a difference.
Not all texts of course are classics. But while others may be interesting or valuable or
helpful, only classic texts are somehow necessary, both for understanding a tradition and for
participating in one as well as for calling a tradition into question and seeking to deconstruct
or subvert it. To say something significant and important within or against a tradition of
discourse, one must, to some degree or other, call upon the resources that constitute that
tradition, and classic texts are the chief written repositories of these resources—of the
tradition’s terms, its alternative views, its examples, formulations, arguments, and indeed all
that make up its tools for discussion and debate. In this sense, the writings collected in this
anthology are classics, not the classics, to be sure—for there are many others, and the very
status of being a classic changes in the course of history—but some of the classics of the
several traditions of reflection about moral and political matters in the West, from Greek
antiquity to the late nineteenth century.
These classics, moreover, are of a limited kind. They are all works written by men, largely
for men; their conceptions of human nature, the good life, political virtues, and so on exhibit a
gender bias. Furthermore, they are Western, European classics that are featured in certain
traditions of discussion and debate but should be compared and contrasted with other types—
non-Western classics, classics by nonwhites, by women, by Native Americans, by nonChristian authors, and more. For many reasons, excluding such alternative classics is
unfortunate, but it has been unavoidable and purposeful. What this volume contains is not a
sample of everything; it is, rather, a selection that can serve as a common resource both for
those who seek to understand and continue the Western traditions of debate and for those who
seek to examine these traditions critically and, in the end, to oppose them.
Each one of these classic texts, moreover, means and has meant many things. Each work
meant something, surely many things, when it was written and published and initially read.
Each came to mean much else as it was reread, cited, recalled, and reinterpreted in the years
and decades thereafter. And each text now means many things to its many current readers, us
among them, as it is read again and interpreted in the context of today’s debates, issues, and
events. Different readers will approach these works for different reasons and with different
interests and presuppositions. In a way, then, each of these texts is not one text but many, a
vast plurality.
These issues have guided the construction of this anthology. From a much larger list of
classic texts of moral and political thought we carved the current table of contents, trying
insofar as it was possible to include many of the most influential and significant classics that
are currently taught and studied. Moreover, where we could, we chose to include entire
works or at least very sizeable chunks. The more we excerpt, the more we limit the reader’s
perspective and options and hence the more we coopt the reader’s role as interpreter and
critic. We did not want to do that either to you, the teacher, or to you, the student. Finally, the
introductions to each author are not intended as full-scale interpretations of the works; rather
they aim to help the student by situating the author and the work historically and by saying
some general things about the author’s work and thought. In the end, these strategies all serve
a single goal: to provide a useful and convenient resource for the critical study of moral and
political thinking in the Western historical traditions.
In many ways this work is an empirical enterprise. It does not hope to shape a tradition so
much as to respond to and express features of several. For this reason, as years go by and as
interests change, it may be advisable, if not necessary, to alter its contents—to add, delete,
and replace these classics with others. Your guidance in this process will be invaluable, and
we invite it. In such a way, this anthology, which has thus far been a cooperative enterprise,
will continue to be one, in a continually useful and significant way.
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION
The Fifth Edition of Classics of Moral and Political Theory offers four major new features.
First, an augmentation of the unit on Aquinas—most significantly, by the inclusion of a
selection from Aquinas’ Disputed Questions on Virtue from the splendid new translation by
Jeffrey Hause and Claudia Eisen Murphy (Hackett, 2010). In addition, selections on law from
the Summa Theologica, in Richard Regan’s translation, have been expanded. Together the
selections from these two works offer a far better picture than have previous editions of
Aquinas’ ethical and political theory, a body of work that has sparked renewed interest in
recent years.
Second and third are the additions of two milestones of Western political theory: Locke’s
Letter Concerning Toleration and, from Ted Humphrey’s 2003 edition, Kant’s To Perpetual
Peace.
Fourth is the addition of Peter Preuss’ translation of Nietzsche’s On the Advantage and
Disadvantage of History for Life, an early work that touches on many themes of Nietzsche’s
work as a whole.
In addition, selections from Aristotle’s Politics have been expanded.
As in previous editions, unbracketed footnotes are an author’s own. Bracketed footnotes
have been contributed by an editor or translator. Initialed bracketed footnotes signify the first
in a series of notes by a given editor or translator.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
In the fall of 1990 Jay Hullett approached me with a proposal for a major anthology of classic
texts in the Western traditions of moral and political theory. At every stage, this has been a
collegial and cooperative effort. Jay has supervised our work with sensitivity and wisdom;
Brian Rak has been a thoughtful and meticulous editor. Dan Kirklin has guided the production
process with tremendous attention to detail, constant encouragement, and a great
understanding of our goals.
In making my editorial selections I was aided by a number of friends and colleagues—Jeff
Isaac, Paul Eisenberg, Milton Fisk—but especially by Brian Rak, with his keen sense for
what is used and what is useful in the teaching of ethics and political theory. In preparing the
introductions I benefited from a vast amount of biographical, historical, and philosophical
work. Jim Tully read all the introductions and made copious recommendations, virtually all
of which I accepted and which directed me to avoid infelicities and inaccuracies. Gillian
Parker read text and proofs as we tried to make the result as accurate as possible, and Mark
Rooks of InteLex provided many texts on disk and scanned others, in order to facilitate the
publication process. Audrey, Debbie, Sara, and our two cats, Blaze and Amanda, endured a
good deal less attention than they deserved, sympathizing as I worried about deadlines and
providing encouragement and distraction as needed.
SOPHOCLES
Poetry, drama, and fiction express the moral and political dimensions of our lives that
philosophy attempts to examine and analyze. Indeed, given the character and complexity of
moral and political life, literature often is the best avenue we have to its disclosure. Greek
tragedy is a classic case of such disclosure. There are features of Greek ethics and Greek
thinking in the fifth century B.C.E. that are known to us best from the writings of Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides.
The fifth century was a towering period. The Greek world experienced the Persian Wars,
the rise of the Athenian Empire, the war between Sparta and Athens, the flourishing of
Periclean Athens as the apex of democracy and its cultural center, and the fall of Athens and
the emergence of Sparta as the preeminent Greek polis. It experienced too the development of
historical writing in the work of Herodotus and Thucydides, the rise of the itinerant teachers
called sophists, the epitome of pre-Socratic natural philosophy, and the birth of old comedy.
And the fifth century was the century of Socrates and of the tragedians, among them the author
of the Antigone, Sophocles.
Born in 496 B.C.E., Sophocles died in 406, just prior to the fall of Athens. He composed
over 120 plays; it has been calculated that about 96 of them won the first prize at the festival
of Dionysus where tragedies and satyr plays were performed. His first victory was in 468;
the Antigone was first performed in 441. Of this corpus, just seven plays survive.
Sophocles’s tragedies are marked by larger-than-life figures who, when confronted with
momentous decisions and faced with the forces of fate and dike (justice), become victims of
the complexity of such forces. In the Antigone both Creon and Antigone face such a situation.
From antiquity to our own day, readers have puzzled over who the central player is and what
Sophocles seeks to show us about how human beings respond to the forces of fate and justice
that govern the universe and the affairs of humankind. Readers find within the Antigone
multiple tensions—between the individual and the state, between familial obligations and
duty to the polis, between divine command and positive law, between youthful self-sacrifice
and adult domination, and more. Whether the drama does in fact display precisely these
conflicts or ones like them the reader must make out for herself. What is clear is that
Antigone’s choice, when faced with her brothers’ deaths and the edict of Creon, her uncle,
sets in motion a chain of actions that ultimately leave Creon damaged and in despair. From
one perspective, while it is Antigone who first confronts the pull of familial devotion and
respect under the abiding laws of the gods, on the one hand, and the prohibition uttered by
Creon as king, on the other, ultimately it is Creon whose convictions are shown to parent
conflict and disaster. There is no easy way to subordinate family loyalty to the allegiance and
commitment to the state. There is no escaping fate, no way of cultivating without fault the
many modes of philia (friendship, mutuality, loyalty).
Modern discussion of the drama falls under the heavy …
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