U.S. History Exam III Assignment | Online Homework Help

Hi! I decided to use you again because you produced a great essay! You answer one of three essays to choose from, I will provide all instructions and links and answer whichever one you choose.1
Civil Rights Movement Timeline

Brown, HIST 2013 Final Exam
Please choose 1 of the following essays for 100 points. You are required to utilize resources provided to
you, which include readings, website content, and films in the chapter module for each corresponding
question, virtual lectures, and the film(s) identified below each question* (see note below). Essays
should be thorough, providing details (what, examples) and analysis (why), and be a minimum of 500
words. Please type of your essays, citing your sources as you use them, and upload your essay by
Wednesday, May 6th, by end of day.
1. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed the Civil Rights Movement, a nation-wide movement of African Americans and
their allies who rose up seeking equality. Discuss the evolution of the movement from Truman’s desegregation of
the U.S. military through the rise of the black power movement. Include significant events (specifically the Brown
decision and the Central High Crisis), important actors, and organizations and the roles they played.
Film: Eyes on the Prize, Fighting Back

Civil Rights Timeline (handout)
Virtual Lecture
2. Following the use of the atomic bomb to end the war with Japan, U.S. culture was saturated with atomic
imagery, in part, as a government campaign to normalize what was considered by some as an existential threat
and to make Americans feel safe; it was also used by business owners to capitalize on this fascination to sell
everything from atomic hamburgers to automobiles. Watch the satirical film, The Atomic Café, and discuss the
culture of the 1950s, particularly its focus on the “atom” and “atomic culture”. Analyze how capitalism is promoted
in the film and how it is juxtaposed by communist society.
Atomic Café

Bert the Turtle film

3. For more than 150 years following the American Revolution, the United States was viewed as a model
democracy and as an example of how a colonized people could throw off their colonial master and become
independent. Following WWII the United States and Soviet Union launched into a Cold War in which lesser
developed nations around the world became a battleground for hearts and minds. As many of these nations tried
to decolonize, they became caught up, either directly or indirectly, in this Cold War battle, and frequently with
deadly consequences. Analyze U.S. involvement in the Cold War, specifically in the developing world (Iran,
Guatemala, Cuba, Vietnam, for example). Discuss U.S. motivations and justifications for involvement in these proxy
wars. What were the successes of U.S. policy and what were its failures?
Cold War: Backyard (1954-1990)
https://youtu.be/Ot7hLvxHW4s?t=144
11 Cold War CNN Vietnam 1954 1968

GWU National Security Archive (links to Iran, Guatemala, can Cuba can be found in modules)
Vietnam ID’s handout
* Please use resources provided rather than googling your answer. Question 3 has multiple resources; you are not
required to use ALL of them in your answer, though using as many as possible (with each essay) will strengthen
your grade.

 1954 Brown decision; showed NAACP litigation strategy
 1955 Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott; implementation of MLK’s nonviolent protest strategy
 1957 creation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); MLK pres; Central High crisis in LR, Ark.; Eisenhower sends Fed troops to force integration; Southern Manifesto is signed – statement of disapproval by Southern political leaders on Brown decision; claims that segregation was a state and not a federal power; Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed under Eisenhower – the first since Reconstruction – which establishing a Civil Rights Commission to investigate the denial of voting rights or equal protection of the law
 1960 sit-down strikes begun by blacks in NC to desegregate lunch counters; led to organization of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); Civil Rights Act of 1960 passed under Eisenhower, which authorized the courts to appoint officials to protect the voting rights of blacks and made the obstruction of court orders by threat of violence a federal offense
 1961 Congress of Racial Equality tested Sup Ct 1960 decision that prohibited racial segregation in public areas that served interstate travelers; Freedom Rides; riders attacked in May, 1961 in Anniston, AL; AG Rbt Kennedy provided police escorts for riders
 1962 James Meredith attempts to enroll at the University of Mississippi but is blocked by Miss Gov. Barnett; JFK eventually sends Federal Marshalls – riot breaks out on the Ole Miss campus on Sept 30
 1963 Alabama Gov Wallace tries to prevent integration at U of AL; SCLC campaign in Birmingham, AL – police hose down and set dogs on protesters – these clashes w/police receive national attention; JFK responds by pushing passage of new civil rights legislation – Congress reluctant; March on Washington; MLK’s “I have a dream” speech; JKF assassinated in Nov. in Dallas
 1964 Passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964 pushed by LBJ, which outlawed segregation in public places and racial discrimination in employment/education; influence of JFK assassination (his legislation); Freedom Summer; organized by CORE and SNCC to expand black voting in the South; 2 whites, 1 black student disappeared and found dead
 1965 Feb., Malcolm X assassinated; SCLC march from Selma, AL to Montgomery; met w/blockades and violence; prompted LBJ to protect marches; later introduced new voting legislation known as the Voting Rights Act; growing split btn the SCLC and SNCC over tactics; Watts Riot
 1966 Black Panthers Party founded in California; radicalization of the SNCC; divergence of activists over strategy
 1967 Detriot and Newark Riots
 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968; MLK assassinated

Vietnam War ID’s
Indochine / Indochina – name given to what would become Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia under French colonial rule
Bao Dai – emperor of Vietnam under French rule; after WWII, French re-installed him in 1949
Ho Chi Minh – former-O.S.S. agent during WWII; Vietnamese nationalist, Communist; leader of the Viet Minh; declared independence of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV); leader of N-VN after split, a.k.a. DRV
Battle of Dien Bien Phu – defeat for French in northern Vietnam; caused French public opinion to call for a withdrawal of French forces in the country
Geneva Accords – set of agreements formed out of Geneva Convention in May-July 1954; France, U.K., U.S.S.R., China, U.S., and representatives from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia attended; provided for withdrawal of French from Vietnam; divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel to allow for a cooling off period and for Vietnamese to return to their native regions; Ho Chi Minh remained in control of the north, while Emperor Bao Dai remained head of south
DMZ – demilitarized zone at 17th parallel
South Vietnam – S-VN; North Vietnam – N-VN
Viet Minh – Vietnamese nationalists who established the League for the Independence of Vietnam; resisted French colonial rule, resisted Japanese during WWII, resisted return of the French colonizers, then opposed the U.S. and Diem’s regime in S-VN
Ngo Dinh Diem – U.S. replacement for Bao Dai in S-VN in 1955; his brother was Nhu
DRV –Democratic Republic of Vietnam, North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh
RVN – Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem
Viet Cong – a derogatory name first used by Diem to refer to Viet Minh; is Vietnamese equivalent to calling Viet Minh “Commies”
ARVN – Army of the Republic of Vietnam, S-VN; created by the U.S. in 1955
NLF – National Liberation Front, formed by southern Communists in 1959; in 1960 the N-VN gvt formally sanctioned the NLF; trained and equipped guerrilla fighters in the south, known as the People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF)
Counterinsurgency – actions to win over the “hearts and minds” of the people of South Vietnam; implemented to counter NLF organizing in S-VN; used U.S. Special Forces
Strategic Hamlet program – implemented by Diem regime concurrently with counterinsurgency effort of U.S.; extension of Diem’s earlier relocation practices; purpose: to separate villagers from NLF; resettled villagers in new hamlets (concentration/internment camps)
Gulf of Tonkin resolution – August, 1964; handed over war-making powers to LBJ until such a time as “peace and security” had returned to Vietnam
PAVN – People’s Army of Vietnam, regular N-VN soldiers; dispatched into S-VN after escalation of bombing of North, prompted by Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964
Tet Offensive – coordinated attack by N-VN and NLF against U.S. and ARVN forces; began with attack of U.S. Marine base at Khe Sanh in December 1967; in January 31, 1968 all-out attack against every major city in S-VN; offensive lasted until fall of 1968 and resulted in heavy casualties for N-VN and NLF forces; hurt U.S. as public support for the war waned in the U.S.
My Lai massacre – occurred during Tet Offensive in March 1968; U.S. Army division killed 500 unarmed civilians, mostly women and children; helped turn public sentiment against the war and against the troops
Vietnamization – Nixon’s plan to win the war; plan to turn the war over to ARVN by withdrawing U.S. troops; included escalation of bombing campaign to weaken ARVN’s opposition
Paris Peace Treaty – signed on January 27, 1973, called a cease-fire and for a pull-out of U.S. troops
Khmer Rouge – Communist group that took power in 1975 in Cambodia; gained followers after Nixon’s bombing of Cambodia increased
Pathet Lao – Communist group that took power in Laos in 1975
U.S. Presidents during VN era:
Harry S. Truman (D) 1945-1952
Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) 1953-1960
John F. Kennedy (D) 1961-1963 (assassinated in November, 1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (D) 1963-1969
Richard Nixon (R) 1969-1974 (resigned)
Gerald Ford (R) 1974-1977