New York University European Industrial Revolution Questions Essay Please carefully read and respond to the following questions with brilliant essays. Make

New York University European Industrial Revolution Questions Essay Please carefully read and respond to the following questions with brilliant essays. Make sure that you address all aspects of the questions and present a clear argument supported by specific examples and references to your readings, lectures, and primary sources.

1. Provide introductory paragraphs to your essays.

2. Use evidence to support your arguments in three to four paragraphs that focus on specific topics.

3. Provide concluding paragraphs that summarize the most important points from your essays.

Part One: Essays (35 points each: 70 %)

1. What was the Industrial Revolution? Why was Europe the first region in the world to industrialize? What were some of the positive and negative aspects of industrialization? Consider how industrialism changed the nature of work, European society, and culture. How did it affect the social and economic roles of men, women, and children?

2. By 1904 European powers found themselves involved in a series of crises, most having to do with colonies. The cumulative effect was to deepen the existing rivalries and slowly create a feeling that a major war was inevitable. Discuss the primary tensions and rivalries, which led to the outbreak of WWI in 1914. Make sure to discuss roles of economic and imperialcompetition, the role of nationalism, and the goals of primary antagonists (Central Powers and Allies).

3. The Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) were a series of meetings in which the Allied victors set the peace terms for Germany and the other

4.

5. defeated nations and empires following the Armistice of 1918. They came up with a series of treaties (“Paris Peace Treaties”) that reshaped the map of Europe and the world, and imposed stiff penalties on Germany. What were the terms of this treaty? How did it influence the Allied and Axis powers? Was it successful in establishing a long-term peace in Europe after 1920? Why or why not? Please carefully read and respond to the following questions with brilliant essays.
Make sure that you address all aspects of the questions and present a clear
argument supported by specific examples and references to your readings, lectures,
and primary sources.
1. Provide introductory paragraphs to your essays.
2. Use evidence to support your arguments in three to four paragraphs that
focus on specific topics.
3. Provide concluding paragraphs that summarize the most important points
from your essays.
Part One: Essays (35 points each: 70 %)
1. What was the Industrial Revolution? Why was Europe the first region in
the world to industrialize? What were some of the positive and negative
aspects of industrialization? Consider how industrialism changed the
nature of work, European society, and culture. How did it affect the social
and economic roles of men, women, and children?
2. By 1904 European powers found themselves involved in a series of crises,
most having to do with colonies. The cumulative effect was to deepen the
existing rivalries and slowly create a feeling that a major war was
inevitable. Discuss the primary tensions and rivalries, which led to the
outbreak of WWI in 1914. Make sure to discuss roles of economic and
imperial competition, the role of nationalism, and the goals of primary
antagonists (Central Powers and Allies).
3. The Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) were a series of meetings in
which the Allied victors set the peace terms for Germany and the other
4.
5. defeated nations and empires following the Armistice of 1918. They came
up with a series of treaties (“Paris Peace Treaties”) that reshaped the map
of Europe and the world, and imposed stiff penalties on Germany. What
were the terms of this treaty? How did it influence the Allied and Axis
powers? Was it successful in establishing a long-term peace in Europe
after 1920? Why or why not?
The purpose of the final exam is to test your understanding and comprehension of some of
the key political and social events that occured in Europe during the early 20th century. It is
NOT a research assignment. If you have done the readings and followed the assignments
you should have a good grasp of the developments that will permit you to respond to the
essay questions.
The ONLY sources you should be using for this are the textbook and the lecture notes. As I
stated earlier in the semester, students who use other sources usually do so because they
do not know the material AND other sources often complicate their responses to their essay
questions.
Do NOT use online sources for this exam.
HIS 106: Renaissance Europe: c. 1453-1600
I. Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire c. 476
A.
Decline in intellectual endeavors, literature, and literacy
B.
Reintroduction of Classical scholarship began during the Crusades c. 1095-1291
II. The Renaissance was a major European cultural revolution that began during the 14th
century
A. Renaissance was the “rebirth” of intellectual endeavors in Europe
B.
Associated with the development of the printing press
C.
Communication Revolution
III. Revolution in the Arts
A. Greek and Roman sculpture influenced new art forms
B. New techniques in painting, architecture, sculpture, music replaced Medieval forms
IV. Renaissance Society
A. Social Hierarchies
B. Wealth and class determined family structure
V. Major Renaissance States
A. Venice
B. Florence
C. Milan
D. Papal States
E. England
F. Spain
G. France
H. Ottoman Turkish Empire
I.
Holy Roman Empire
HIS 106
The Renaissance and European Exploration c. 1433-1517
Word of the day: Spice Islands
I. 15th and 16th centuries were a period of European growth and expansion
A. European trade and commerce was focused on the Mediterranean until c. 1450
B. The Ottoman Turkish Empire controlled and monopolized trade and commerce with India
and China by 1400
C. Renaissance “discoveries” and the desire to establish alternate trade routes led to
European explorations outside of the Mediterranean
II. Arabic and Renaissance technical contributions to European exploration
A. Traditional Mediterranean galleys were not capable of “deep sea” voyages
• Galleys were built for oar power and possessed limited cargo capabilities
• “Traditional” square sails had significant limitations
B. Portuguese and Spanish sailors began to adopt new technologies from Muslim Arab
sailors
• Arabian sailors had developed lateen sails (from Malaysians), making tacking into the wind
possible
• New hull designs
C. Adopted the concept of navigational charts from Islamic sailors
• Tide charts
• Solar charts
D. Navigational tools/technologies were also adopted
• Latitude and longitude
• Compasses
• Arabic numerals and mathematical computations
III. Prince Henry “The Navigator” (third son of King John I) and Portuguese Explorations
A. Began to finance expeditions to explore the west coast of Africa in 1433
• Motivation?
• Established gold and slave trades
B. Ultimate goal was to reach the “spice islands”: India
• Prince Henry financed numerous voyages of exploration
C. Vasco da Gama finally reached India in 1499
• Established the European spice trade
D. By 1517, the Portuguese had circumnavigated the earth and had established fortified
trading posts throughout the Indian Ocean
IV. Voyages of Columbus
A. Genoan sailor who gained experience in Portuguese service
B. Europeans knew the world was round and that Asia lay to the west by 1400
• Did not know the circumference of the earth however
• Eratosthenes calculated the circumference at 24,662 miles, an error of less than 1% (c.
240 BC)
• Columbus calculated the circumference of the Earth at 15,692 miles based upon Ptolemy’s
Geography c. 140 AD
C. Isabella and Ferdinand financed his voyage in 1492
• Had completed the Reconquista of Spain: Muslims and Jews were forced to leave or
convert
• Wars of conquest depleted their treasury while Portugal was flourishing
• Wanted to invest in the trade with the Spice Islands
• Columbus saw this as an opportunity and made a proposal
• Reached the Bahamas after some trials and tribulations
• Thought he was in the East Indies (natives were called Indians)
• Objectives: find gold, subjugate the natives, promote Christianity
D. Second voyage in 1493 was joined by greedy Spanish investors
• Did not find the mythical gold mines
• Established slave trade to finance the expedition
• Established sugar plantations using slave labor
E. America became the most important source of revenue for Spain
V. Europeans and the New World
A. Initiated a new period of slavery in Europe
• Race and ethnicity were NOT associated with slavery before 1492
B. Europeans (Spanish) initiated a series of military campaigns of conquest in Mexico and
South America
• Conquered and destroyed the Aztec and Incan Empires
• Established gold and silver mines worked by natives, later by Africans
C. Established a precedent for European and native relations
• What are the pros and cons of the European treatment of natives?
• Can it be justified? Consider religious, economic, social, and political motivations
HIS 106
Protestant Reformers and the Reformation c. 1516-1600
I. The Renaissance fueled a crisis of faith within the Catholic Church by 1500
A. Amplified problems within the Church
B. Fueled a reaction to the Church’s policies and practices (orthodoxy)
C. Led to the emergence of Protestantism
II. The Church hierarchy and practices challenged the beliefs of many Christians
A. Many sacraments contradicted daily lives
B. Indulgences
C.
Simony
D.The Church was exempt from taxation
III. Christian Humanism began to emerge during the Renaissance
A. Intellectual attempt to reform the Church based on the ethics of the Classical world.
B. Erasmus (c.1466-1536)
C. Thomas More (c.1478-1535)
IV. Protestant Reformers based many of their religious ideas on Christian Humanism c.
1517-1560
A. Martin Luther c.1483-1546
B. Luther’s religious philosophy
C. Religious debate spread throughout Europe
V. Different forms of Protestantism began to take shape and spread throughout northern
Europe after 1517
A. Lutheranism, Swiss Protestantism, and Calvinism
B. Zwingli (c. 1484-1531)
C. John Calvin (c.1509-1564)
D. Calvinist theology
HIS 106
The Reformation and European Society: c. 1517-1559
I. The Reformation and European society
A. Forced the Church to react to the Reformation and changed society
B. Fueled political tensions between European states: Wars of Religion
II. The Protestant Reformation posed challenges to the authority of the Church
A. Luther and German Protestants began the process of the Reformation
B. Anabaptists: those who are “re-baptized”
C. Societies became divided: The Peasants War of 1524-1525
III. The Protestant Reformation and the new urban, middle class culture: burghers
A. Protestant Reformation promoted education and community
B. Stricter marriage ordinances emerged in Protestant communities
IV. The Reformation and the politics of religion
A. The Reformation eventually moved into other European nations
B. The Italian Wars, c. 1494-1559
C. The Ottoman Empire posed a serious threat and fueled further conflicts in Europe
D. Valois (France) and Habsburgs (Austrian-Spanish) continued to fight in Europe
V. Renaissance and the Military State
A. New technologies and conflicts led to the beginning of western military superiority
B. Military budgets led to the debasement of coinage and inflation
VI. The Reformation and European States: beginning of early modern European nations
A. France
B. England
C. Scotland
D. German States
E. Sweden
HIS 106
Religious Conflicts and State Powers: c. 1560-1648
I. The Peasants War of 1524-1525 did not resolve the conflict over religion in Germany
A. Peace of Augsburg: 1555
B. Protestantism challenged Catholic dominance and monarchies leading to a series of
religious conflicts in France, England, Spain, and Germany
II. French Huguenot Wars: 1562-1598
A.30% of the French nobility adopted Calvinism
B. Henry IV (Bourbon) and the Edict of Nantes: 1598
III. Dutch challenges to Spanish power
A.Philip II was a devout Catholic monarch (r. 1556-1598)
B.Calvinists in the Spanish Netherlands began to destroy Catholic churches in 1566
C. Dutch Republic: (northern Netherlands) gained independence in 1581 as a Protestant
nation
IV. England and the conflict with Catholic Spain
A. Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
B. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) rejected Catholicism and promoted the Anglican Church
C. Spanish Armada 1588
V. Germany and the Thirty Years War: 1618-1648
A.Largest and most devastating of the wars of religion
B. Catholic Archduke Ferdinand was crowned King of Bohemia, 1617
C. Catholic Wallenstein raised an army and occupied and plundered Protestant
Germany, 1625
D. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded northern Germany to support
Protestants in 1629
E. France and Spain both wished to become the dominant Catholic power in Europe
F. France openly declared war on Spain in 1635 and allied with the Protestant
Dutch
VI. Impact of the Wars of Religion
A. End of the Wars of Religions: Peace of Westphalia, 1648
The Economic Crisis and Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century
I. Wars of Religion (1560-1648) fueled a European economic crisis
A. Manufactured goods declined, trade diminished, agricultural yields dropped
B. Populations declined in many areas
C. State budgetary requirements escalated
D. Northern Europe began to surpass southern European economies
E. Northern prosperity fueled artistic and scientific developments
II. Impact on daily life in Europe
A. Famine and disease
B. Family life
III. Northern European economies began to surpass southern European economies by 1648
A. English, French, and Dutch began to establish trading outposts and colonies
B. North America and the Caribbean became the focus of the Atlantic system
IV. European secularization in the arts and society
A. Religion became a private concern rather than a public concern
B. Example: Works of Shakespeare, c. 1564-1616
C. Art styles of the 17th century
D. Opera
V. Origins of the Scientific Revolution
A. Scientific method: led to conflicts between science and religion in the early 17th century
B. Astronomy
C. Medicine
D. Bacon and Descartes
E. Magic and witchcraft was still common
VI. Political Theory
A. Montaigne and Bodin
B.
Grotius
HIS 106
European Absolutism, c. 1648-1690
I. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648
A. Ended the Wars of Religion in Europe
B. European nations created systems of government to meet their economic and social
needs
C. Beginning of modern European states/nations
D. Two constitutional models emerged: absolutism and constitutionalism
II. Louis XIV of France: Created the model of an absolute monarchy (r.1643-1715)
A. Louis XIV’ legacy: centralization of state authority against opposition
B. Death of Cardinal Mazarin (Regent) in 1661
C. Nobility were required to attend the king at his court in Versailles
• http://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/estate/palace
D. Perpetuated his power and prestige through art and public performances
E. Enforced religious orthodoxy of the Catholic Church
F. Established a state bureaucracy
G. Established a new economic doctrine: mercantilism
H. Louis XIV’s foreign policy: expansion of French territory
I. Taxes were doubled to finance state programs
III. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
A. Other rulers emulated Louis but with regional differences
B. Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia
C.Habsburg Austria
D.Tsar Alexi (r.1645-1676) began to create an absolute Russian state
English Constitutional Monarchy c. 1642-1689
I. Conflicts between the English monarchy and Parliament
A. English aristocracy participated in government via Parliament.
B. Right to levy taxes was the traditional privilege of the monarchy (divine right).
C. Questions of ultimate authority over matters of taxation and law intensified.
II. English Parliament began to develop as early as 1215
A.Magna Carta, 1215
B.House of Lords
C.House of Commons
III. King Charles Stuart I (r. 1625-1649) King of Scotland, England, and Ireland
A. Petition of Right: 1628
B. Refused to call Parliament into session, c. 1629-1640
C. Presbyterian Scottish (Covenenter) army invaded England in 1640
D. Constitutional crisis resulted
III. English Civil War, c. 1642-1651
A. Conflict between Parliament and the King
B. Royalists: Cavaliers
C.
Parliamentarians : Roundheads
IV. “Rump” Parliament of 1648 (Second English Civil War: 1648-9)
A. Puritans/Independents in the army purged Presbyterians from Parliament
B. Convened a court to try Charles I
C. Established the “Commonwealth of England” with Oliver Cromwell as “Council of State” in
1649
V. The “Restored” Monarchy of Charles II, r. 1660-1685
A.Charles (wife Catherine of Braganza) was invited to return from French exile in 1660
B.Parliament passed a series of laws against Catholicism
C.Tories: supported a strong hereditary monarchy (Catholic if necessary)
D. Whigs: Presbyterians did not want a strong monarch or government
VI. Glorious Revolution of 1688
A. James II (King of Scotland, James VII) succeeded his older brother Charles II in 1685
B. Whigs and Tories invited James’ daughter Mary, and William of Orange to invade
England
C. Bill of Rights of 1689
VII. Review
A. What are the most important differences between absolute governments and
constitutional
governments?
B. What were some of the strengths and weaknesses of an absolute monarchy? Why did
France
develop this form of government?
C. What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of constitutional governments? Why
did England develop this form of government?
HIS 106
The Atlantic System and New Social and Cultural Patterns: 18th Century
I. The Atlantic System c. 1690-1740
A. Global system of trade and commerce fueled by European desire for luxuries
II. America, Europe, and the Caribbean
A. European nations produced manufactured goods
B. Plantations provided luxury items for European markets
C. Africa provided a source of cheap labor
III. The Atlantic System also changed European concepts of slavery and society
A. Before 1450, European slavery was not associated with a specific group of people
B. The African slave trade fueled the origins of “Modern Racism”
C. The slave trade also changed European diets
IV. European settlement and economic growth
A. European nations seized territories and established settlements or colonies
B. Consumer revolution c. 1700-1750
V. Agricultural Revolution c. 1700-1800
A. Increase in agricultural production
VI. Changes in Urban Life
A. Urban populations expanded in the 18th century
VII. Intellectual Developments
A. Literacy spread amongst the middle class urban populations
B. Literate public pursued an interest in paintings
C. Public music concerts emerged as a popular form of entertainment
D. Novels became a popular literary format
HIS 106
European State Systems and the Enlightenment: 1690-1740
I. The general boundaries of the major European states were established by 1740
A. French expansion under Louis XIV was limited by a coalition of European powers
B. England emerged as the preeminent maritime power
C. Russia replaced Sweden as the dominant Baltic power
D. Prussia emerged as an absolute monarchy
E. The Enlightenment was developing
II. Limitations of French Absolutism
A. Louis XIV’s wars of expansion were opposed by European powers
III. Rise of British power
A. England had always opposed French expansion
B. Incorporated Scotland and Ireland becoming “The United Kingdom of Great Britain”
C. Began to replace the Dutch as the dominant European maritime power by 1700
IV. Emergence of Russia as a European Power
A. Tsar Peter I “The Great” (r.1689-1725) adopted a westernization policy
B. Created an absolute monarchy in Russia
V. Rise of Prussia
A. King Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)
B. Acquired control of Swedish territories in north Germany: Pomerania
VI. Birth of the Enlightenment
A. Enlightenment was a Product of the Scientific Revolution
B. Scientific Method
C. Europeans began to question the traditional roles of women in European society
HIS 106
The Enlightenment and Enlightened Despots 1740-1800
I. The Enlightenment: Prelude to Revolutions
A. Discontent with the “Old Regimes”
B. Europeans began to question the traditional roles of European society
II.Enlightenment Philosophes
A. Objected to privileged institutions, government, and social hierarchies
B. Criticized Roman Catholic Church and organized religion
C.Jean-Jacque Rousseau: (1712–1778) Swiss political philosopher.
III.Eighteenth Century “Enlightened” Monarchs/Despots
A. Promoted social welfare programs in their respective nations for commoners
IV. Prussia’s enlightened monarch
A. Frederick II of Prussia (r. 1740–1786)
B.
Continued the militarization of Prussian society began by his father
V.Austria’s enlightened monarchs
A.
Maria Theresa of Austria (r. 1740-1780)
B.
Joseph II of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1780 to 1790)
VI.The Enlightenment in Russia
A.
Catherine “the Great” Empress of Russia (r. 1762-1796)
VII.The Enlightenment and Enlightened Despots
A.Began the process of social changes in western societies
B.Beginning of modern views of basic rights for all individuals
HIS 106
Rebellions and Revolutions against State Power
I.Late Eighteenth Century states faced numerous rebellions fueled by the Enlightenment
A.Continental France and Britain
B.Colonial America
II.Continental Europe
A.Population growth and inflation fueled rebellions
B.Free trade contributed to high prices and inflation
C.Numerous foot riots occurred.
III.Public opinion and political opposition to states began to develop
A.Newspapers began to cover daily news and introduced the public to political life
B.Political opposition also appeared in the form of plays.
IV. Revolution in North America
A.Public opinion…
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