Houston Community College What Are the Roles Played by International Organizations in Addressing Global Governance Essay The exam is designed to demonstrat

Houston Community College What Are the Roles Played by International Organizations in Addressing Global Governance Essay The exam is designed to demonstrate the knowledge you’ve gained in this course. Be sure to answer all parts of question. A five?sentence answer will not be sufficient. You must write at least two pages (double space, New Times Roman). Be sure to analyze the question from all angles. This is your opportunity to show me that not only you understand the concepts in this course, but you can apply them. In writing your answers you will be expected to apply the key words I have given to you. Show clear and direct connections between the ideas you present and the course lectures AND readings (Make reference to readings! This is a must).

Answers must show that you both know the information and can think critically about its application. The answers must have clear and concise argument. Think critically. Support the claims you make. CITE!!! (Both in text citation and bibliography)

PROOFREAD!!! Remember, this is an exam and each one of you will be graded individually – collaboration on answers is not permitted. The answers SHOULD NOT be the same or should not resemble to each other.

It was my honor and pleasure to teach you this semester.

Good Luck

QUESTIONS

Question 1-Global governance is a continuing collective effort of sovereign states through international organizations and efforts of other non-state actors to address common challenges and seize opportunities to transcend national frontiers. As we had discussed in class, global governance is composed of many different actors; Intergovernmental Organizations, Nongovernmental Organizations, Experts and Epistemic Networks, Networks and Partnerships, Multinational Corporations and Private Foundations.

How will realists (either neo or classical), liberals (either neo or classical), and constructivists explain and analyze the emergence and functioning (refer to both!) of these actors? In your answer refer to Intergovernmental organizations (regional or general, or economic), non-governmental organizations. Your answer needs to analyze 1 International Organization and 1 Nongovernmental organization by using the 3 theories we had covered in class. You can use the organization you have presented as one of the organizations.

For Example: A student will analyze EU’s emergence and functioning (both emergence and functioning) by realism, neo-liberalism, and constructivism. and then emergence and functioning ofNGO’s (you may or may not use specific examples in this part; meaning you can write in general on emergence and functioning of NGO’s or you can talk specifically about Amnesty International or the organization you have presented to class) by wearing three different glasses of theories.

Key terms for this question: International Regimes, Concert of Europe, Balance of Power, Security dilemma, Power transition theory, Kenneth Waltz, Mearsheimer, Immanuel Kant, Harmony of interest, Alexander Wendt, security dilemma, offensive realism, defensive realism, Democratic peace theory, complex interdependence, GONGO

Question 2-After the Cold War, one of the dominant themes of U.S. policy was to globalize liberal order by efforts to integrate the system’s potential challengers — namely China – so that she would no longer disrupt it. The aim was to create an international system through use regional, global and economic institution and bring all the world’s major powers into a system in which they would be satisfied so that the US will continue to be the hegemon.

Describe the international system that was established by the Western powers (mainly the US) after WW2 by making international organizations as your unit of analysis (Meaning put the IO’s at the center and analyze the global order by means of IO;s). Discuss if the international system is changing? why/why not? What are the effects of the rise of China on the present world order

Key terms for this question: Concert of Europe, UN, sanctions, peace keeping operations, The EU, Euroscepticism, European Court of Justice, NATO, Global South, Bandung Conference, NAM, NEIO, BRICS, Bretton Woods System, China’s investment on Africa, One Belt, One road Project, Marshall Plan, OECD, IMF, World Bank, New Development Bank, President Trump, multilateralism, declining hegemon, bandwagon effect, domino effect ).

You need to use at least 10 of the above key terms (10 for each). Please underline them in your answer and, PLEASE USE THEM APPRORPRIATELY. Just writing them down without fitting them into the content will not bring you any points.

Answering bonus question is not mandatory. You are expected to write at least a paragraph and one page maximum.

BONUS (5 POINTS):How will COVID-19 pandemic effect the global institutions? Are the effects of pandemic going to create a new wave of rising nationalism, nation state choosing to close their borders, withdrawing funds and membership from the organizations or due to the global effects of the pandemic, will the actors choose to create a relatively new world order with more cooperation, collaboration, shared interest, aims and even maybe common identities? Why/why not An international organization is a body that
promotes voluntary cooperation and
coordination between or among its members
? established by a treaty or charter other
instruments governed by international law
? possessing its own international legal personality
? The role usually is to set agenda, create forum,
create opportunities to compromise.
? They facilitate cooperation and coordination
among members for specific purpose.
? They have permanent organs, like secretariat,
budgetary institutions. So they are
bureaucracies.
?
?
international organizations are based on
multilateral treaties between at least two sovereign
nation-states based on common aims.
? generally fortified by the development of stringent
institutional structures and organs
? Either have a global or a regional character,
? Can be established based on single issue, multitude
of issues.
? IGOs can either be open to new members or consist of
a closed system.
? Binding treaty acts like constitution of the
organization
? Always a result of free intent to act together and
collaboration

?
Intensification of globalization and global
governance highlights the importance of
international institutions
“International Regimes”: Implicit or explicit rules
around which actors expectations converge
?
Normally specific to certain “Policy Domains”
E.g. Trade Regime – centers on World Trade Organization (WTO)
? E.g. Climate Change Regime – Centers on Kyoto Protocol
? E.g. International Security Regime – Centers on UN
?
?
Key idea: Institutions generate more then just formal
agreements = principles, norms, rules and decisionmaking procedures
?
older literature IOs tend to be subdivided into
political and apolitical
?
Political- military and political alliances, apoliticaladministrative and technical issues.
technical and “apolitical” organizations like the
Atomic Energy Commission and the World Health
Organization. IMF, TNCs developed into highly
politicized organizations with a multitude of
political aims.
? Current literature differentiate between
international governmental organizations (IGOs)
like the United Nations, NATO, the IMF, and the
World Bank, international nongovernmental
organizations (INGOs) like Amnesty International
and the International Red Cross.
?
?
Based on their stated functions.
?
Economy, peace and security, military nutrition,
public health, and telecommunication or fisheries
conservation…
Based on Membership
? Global v. Regional. Some organizations aspire to
universal or near universal membership, inviting
in principle all states to join. Example?
? Others may have a limited membership to a
certain geographical region, are open only for
states from that region. Example/
? The EU, Asean, OPEC, OIC
? governmental, on governmental
? Supranational or non-supranational
?
?
?
?
While INGO’S are established by at least two societal
actors (parties, issue groups, unions, associations,
international businesses, and corporations) to cooperate in
the coordination of certain specified transnational and
cross-border issues,
IGOs are based on the cooperation of nation-states.
There are supranational or non-supranational IGOs,
?
?
?
?
?
Eu is supranational. NATO, UN are not
Supranationalism limit the sovereignty of the participating
nations to a lesser or greater degree
Despite the equality of recognized nation-states in
international law, in fact a hierarchy of power and
influence exists even within non supranational IGOs.
The UN Security Council, dominated by its five permanent
members, as well as the IMF, the World Bank, and many
other. R
IOs, are all dominated by the established great powers
In global world national states can not act alone
in solving some problems
? There are variety of actors
? It is collective efforts of actors
? The definition of Global Governance is “the sum
of the many ways individuals and institutions,
public and private, manage their common
affairs. It is a continuing process through which
conflicting or diverse interests may be
accommodated and cooperative action may be
taken, It includes formal… as well as informal
arrangements that people and institutions have
agreed to or perceive to be in their interest”
?
? Global
governance is a purposeful order that
emerges from institutions, processes, norms,
formal agreements, and informal
mechanisms that regulate action for a
common good.
? Examples: financial market regulation by
Bank for International Settlements
? the guidelines for multinational enterprises
set by the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD)
? Multilateralism:
Coordinating relations
among three or more states. The relationship
is defined upon agreed rules principles.
? Multilateralism increased in 20th century
? Multilateralism is achieved by complex
diplomacy
? Number of actors increased (both state and
non-state actors)
? Multiple actors mean multiple interest
? Taking collective action gets harder
? Governance
is not synonymous with
government. While governments perform
activities that are backed by formal
authority and monopolize police powers to
insure the implementation of duly
constituted policies,
? governance performs activities backed by
shared goals that may or may not derive
from legal and formally prescribed
responsibilities which do not necessarily rely
on police powers to overcome defiance and
attain compliance.
Global governance is not global government
? No single world order or top to down hierarchy
although power and authority are present in
varying ways and to varying degrees.
? Global governance is “the sum of the informal
and formal ideas, values, norms, procedures and
institutions that help all actors”
? It is collective effort of sovereign states
international organizations and other non state
actors to address common challenges and seize
opportunities to transcend national frontiers.
?
? Globalization
? Technological
advances
? Rise of multipolarity
? Growth of Transnationalism
? Global terror
? Global warming
?
?
?
?
?
?
Globalization changed the nature of global politics
by changing the significance of national borders
Interconnected world especially after 1980’s with the
rapid change in technology
Globalization is a historical process involving a
fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial
scale of human social organization that links distant
communities and expands the reach of power
relations across regions.
Not just economy but people, cultures, states
connected to each other.
Globalization linked like minded people
However, helped illegal people (terrorists, drug
dealers etc.)
? States
have no longer monopoly on power
and authority?
? The transnational problems, that a state
alone can not cope increased. (terrorism,
global warming etc.)
? Not all people are effected equally from
globalization. Glob. Created winners and
losers within countries and among countries
? So the question comes, how globalization can
be governed
?
The world is facing with threats
and challenges that no single
country, no matter how powerful
it is, can deal with.
?
Terrorists:
?
September 11, 3000 deaths, including 19 hijackers
?
2002 Bali Bombings: 202 deaths, 209 injuries
?
2004 Madrid Bomb Attacks: 191 deaths, 2050 injuries
?
2005 London bomb attacks: 56 deaths (including 4 suicide
bombers), 100 injuries
?
Barcelona terror attack last week
?
https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/terroristattacks/?year=2017
?
https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-governancemonitor#!/terrorism (1.10
Proliferation of WMDs:
?
Nuclear Weapons
?
Biological Weapons
?
Chemical Weapons
?
What will happen if WMDs
fall into the hands of terrorists?
?
Environmental Degradation:
?
Global warming
?
Ozone layer
?
Living atmosphere
https://outrider.org/nuclear-weapons/interactive/bombblast/?airburst=false&bomb=0&lat=29.724751&location=
Houston%2C%20Texas%2077204%2C%20United%20States&l
ong=-95.36198
?
?
?
?
?
?
Natural Disasters:
2004 Tsunami: 230,000 deaths and missing
2008 Cyclone Nagis: 138,366 deaths, $10bn
damages
2010 Haiti earthquake: around 92,000-230,000
deaths
2011 Earthquake and Tsunami
in Japan: 15,756 death, 5,927
injured, and 4,460 missing
?
?
?
Famine in the Horn of Africa:
29,000 children may have already been perished
UN said it has only $1.3 billion of the 2.4 billion it
needs 2 assist 12m people
?
?
?
Flooding in Southeast Asia:
In Cambodia, 250 people died, 18 provinces affected with
the total cost of $521 millions
Thailand, more than 500 people died with the damage cost
of $ 3.2 billions
?
?
?
Humanitarian Crisis in Syria:
Death toll: nearly 1.000.000 people
More than 5 million refugees mainly in Turkey
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Piracy and Transnational Crimes:
Arms trafficking
Drug trafficking
Trafficking in persons
Sex slavery
Cyber crimes …
Pandemics:
HIV/AIDS
Malaria, TB
2009 A(H1N1): 16,931 deaths in more than 100
countries
EV71: 64 deaths in Cambodia
? Globalization
can not be possible without
tech. changes
? Jet travel, low costs of commercial airline
? Internet, social media, smart phones,
televisions
? People and goods are moving cheaply.
? 96 percent of the world’s population has cell
or mobile phones!
? 40 percent of the world’s population have
internet
? 24 hours live coverage of events from CNN or
Al Jazeera.
? With
the dissolution of USSR and fall of Berlin
Wall, the world system shifted from bipolar
to unipolar.
? Post-Cold war created the “third Wave of
democratization” with democratization of
Eastern European nations
? Other states that USSR supported get into
deadly civil wars or conflicts like Yugoslavia,
Somalia, Afghanistan
? In the 21st century, we witness declining
power of the US and new rising powers
Transnationalism is individuals or non state
actors work together across state boundaries.
? Transnationalism can also be attributed to
formation of global civil society
? It includes advocacy groups, association of
professionals, religious groups, chamber of
commerce, ethics associations, sporting
associations.
? There are NGO’s among them but global civil
society does not only composed of NGO’s
? Global civil society works on many different
areas changing from environment, human rights,
economic development and security.
?
Global Governance
?
There is no world government to coordinate and
facilitate cooperation among all actors to deal with
threats and challenges.
? form
as a response to the need of coordination of
behavior among countries around an issue.
?
?

Example; With out ITU regime, telecommunications between
countries would have to be governed by numerous bilateral
agreements, which would become impossibly complex to
administer worldwide. ITU serves as a forum, a multilateral
treaty, and a governing body to standardize
telecommunications across countries efficiently.
The Biological weapons convention, Kyoto protocol.
? States
? Intergovernmental
Organizations
? Nongovernmental Organizations
? Experts and Epistemic Networks
? Networks and Partnerships
? Multinational Corporations
? Private Foundations
? States
are still key actors in global
governance as they have power over territory
people and they are the members of
intergovernmental organizations. why>?
? States create international laws, norms and
determine their effectiveness through
compliance or non compliance.
? State are also still primary source of people’s
identities.
? Still have the power to use legitimate force
The current international regime is created by
the United States during Cold War and Post
Cold war years
? IGO’s created structures that are compatible
with American way for their survival.
? US is (were?) predominant in many secretariats,
paid large shares of funding and program
operating. In return he got the power to
influence the policies and programs of many
IGO’s
? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_org
anization_membership_of_the_United_States
?
Today USA can not have global governance alone.
? There are other emerging powers challenging US
power. China, India , Russia
? BRICS( Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
are home to 40 percent of the world’s population
and 20 percent of the world’s GDP and 2/3 of
world economic growth
? They are challenging US world economic order by
challenging US dollar’s dominance and World
Bank’s role in funding development.
? US under Trump Administration is not willing to
pay dues of being the most powerful state
?
? JSCA
? PARIS
ACCORD
? TRANS-PASIFIC PARTNERSHIP
? UN COMMISION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
? WTO?
? NATO?
? IGO’S
are organizations that have at least
three states as their members
? Created through formal agreements such as
treaties, charters or statutes.
? They have headquarters, bureaucracies,
executive heads and budgets
? They are organized by their members for a
purpose.
?
?
?
Islamic Conference (Only for Muslim countries)
OPEC (Only for countries that produce oil)
NATO (Security issues)
? IGO-Formal
and continuous structures
founded by an authoritative instrument of
agreement between sovereign states through
which members pursue their common
interest.
?
They have stable and well defined organizational
structure with head quarters, secretariat, formal
set of rules, decision making procedures,
consultative organs and meet regularly.
? Central
core of multilateral machinery .
? They serve many different functions:
?
?
?
?
?
Collecting information
Monitoring trends (UNEP)
Providing forums for intergovernmental
bargaining (The EU)
Delivering services and aid (UNHCR)
Adjusting disputes (ICJ)
? They
help states to form stable habits of
cooperation
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
IGOS’ FUNCTIONS:
They provide mode of governance
Help development of key ideas and concepts about
security , economic and social development
Informational: Help gather, analyze and dissemination
of data
Forum: Provide forum for exchange of views and
decision making
Rule creation: by drafting legally binded treaties
rule supervision : Adjusting disputes, taking
enforcement measures, and monitor compliance with
rules
Operational- Allocating resources, providing technical
assistance
Intergovernmental organizations provide tools
for global governance
? Some problems can not be solved alone
(environment, intl trade)
? IO’s create international regimes
? IO can help to decrease distrust among states by
enabling cooperation
? Collective action decreases transaction costs and
maybe more efficient
? Being a member of IO gives you international
prestige and recognition (not a pariah state like
N. Korea or a quasi state like Taiwan and
Palestine)
?
? In
some IGO’s decisions need to be made
unanimously
? In some others , vote weight depends on
population or wealth.
?
?
WTO and IMF vote weight is calculated by
financial contribution
EU, number of votes based on population in
which Germany is the most populous
? In
?
some others consensus is needed
UN General Assembly
? Leadership:
Historically USA was the leader
after WW2. Through establishment of UN,
NATO, WTO, IMF, IAEA… These organizations
enabled the US to use IGO’s as instruments of
its national policies and create and rule
institutions compatible with its interests and
values
? This is changing as new actors get into
picture not just states but non state actors.
? Organizations
that are private, selfgoverning, voluntary, non-profit, and task- or
interest-oriented advocacy organizations.
? Within those broad parameters there is a
huge degree of diversity in terms of unifying
principles; independence from government,
big-business, and other outside influences;
operating procedures; sources of funding;
international reach; and size.
? They can implement projects, provide
services, defend or promote specific causes,
or seek to influence policy.
NGO members can be individuals or associations,
come together for a common purpose
? There may be domestic NGO’s as well as
international ones (INGO’s)
? UN definition of an acceptable NGO
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
NGO should support the aims and work of UN
NGO should have a representative body and
identifiable headquarters
NGO can not make profit
NGO can not use and advocate violence
Ngo must respect the norm of ‘non-interference in
the internal affairs of states’ ( can not act like a
political party)
An international NGO is not the one established by
intergovernmental agreement
? Knowledge
and expertise are critical to
governance efforts
?
?
Science behind environmental problems,
Statisticians and economics for standardized
calculation of GDP
? Epistemic
Communities – networks of
knowledge based experts. They share a set of
beliefs, which provide a value-based
foundation for the actions of members.
Epistemic communities influence policy by
providing knowledge to policy makers
?
?
?
?
?
?
Networks are both actors and structures
As actors they are organizational form consciously created by any
set of actors that pursue ‘repeated, enduring exchange relations
with one another”.
They lack a legitimate organization authority to arbitrate and
resolve disputes
They are voluntary
Their success depends on their ability to promote and sustain
collective action., add new members and adapt to changes.
Their effectiveness vary by issue area
Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance: to foster
learning and provide better accountability and information on the
performance of humanitarian organizations
? stablished in 1997 following the multi-agency evaluation of the
humanitarian response to the Rwandan Genocide, ALNAP provides the
humanitarian sector with a forum to address issues of accountability
and learning, as well as producing research and analysis of shared
challenges facing the humanitarian sector.
?
? They
are also called Transnational
Organizations (TNC’s)
? Base in one state and affiliated branches in
many other states
? MNC’s shape economies of developing nations
with their investment decision.
? MNC’s structure the global economy
? 62
000 TNCs
? 900 000 foreign affiliates
? 56 million workers
? 19 trillion in sales
? 1/10 of world GDP
? 1/3 of world export
? TNCs become ever-more important in the
globalizing world space economy
? Decrease
in state sovereignty. TNC’s also
control currency and foreign trade.
? Governments have lost control over financial
flows.
? Many governments are helpless against banks
and speculators (especially the ones depend
on hot money!)
? There is also intra firm trade. Govn’t can not
have clear expectations of their financial and
fiscal policies on TNC’s.
? Classical
?
?
?
image is that TNC is:
From USA
Exploits cheap labor
Dominate global market
? More
than ¼ of non-financial TNC’s have
head quarters in developing world
? Mainly from China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India,
Malaysia, Singapore, Korea Brazil, Mexico,
Argentina
?
Chinese Lenovo owns IBM PC brand
? Mostly
in industries like cars, electronics,
steel and container shipping
? G.G
encompasses a variety of cooperative
problem solving arrangements
?
?
?
?
?
1-International rules and laws
2-International norms or soft Law
3-International Regimes
4-Ad Hoc groups, arrangements, and global
conference
5-Private and hybrid public-private governance
?
International Court of Justice recognize 5 sources of
international law:
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Treaties
Customary practices
The writings…
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