Outstations on Asian American Women Ethnicity Paper the second file is for Q2 …. ABOUT 200 WORDS FOR EACH . Remember to refer to the spe

Outstations on Asian American Women Ethnicity Paper the second file is for Q2 ….

ABOUT 200 WORDS FOR EACH

. Remember to refer to the specific assigned reading and/or class activity you use to
frame your response.
•
Explore an example of Asian/Pacific Islander American women’s leadership
in the US. Include the importance of using a feminist approach, with its
inclusion of the concept of intersectionalities, as a more comprehensive (and
useful) analysis of various oppressions Asian/Pacific Islander American
experience.
•
Select one of the assigned readings from Weeks 11-15 that resonated for you,
and explain how its main argument translates into a relevant lesson for your
current/future life.
######
Asian Immigrant Women and Global
Restructuring,
1970s-1990s
Rhacel Salazar Parrenas
Asian/Pacific Islander American Women: Chapter 16
Shirley Hune and Gail M. Nomura (eds)
WOMS 118 / Asian American Women – CSUS
.
Many immigrant women face severe
underemployment…their participation in
the US labor market entailing a sharp
decline (compared to their home countries)
in occupational and social status.
Recent labor migration of Asian Pacific
American women takes place in context of
global economic restructuring. (271-272)
Global Restructuring
Under globalization….
Manufacturing activities have moved from advanced
capitalist countries to both developing countries and newly
industrialized nations.
Export-oriented economies have emerged worldwide. (272)
Global Restructuring
There is difference between the growth
potential of nations that export primary
goods versus those that export more highly
demanded manufactured goods.
The latter are more likely to achieve rapid
economic growth (refer to East Asian
Tigers). (272-273)
Global Restructuring
Globalization induces…
Labor migration from export-oriented developing countries
to both newly industrialized nations and advanced capitalist
nations. (273)
Global Restructuring
For newly industrialized nations, the traditional proletariat
female workforce, who would otherwise perform low-wage
service jobs, now seek higher-paying manufacturing
positions.
For advanced capitalist nations, secondary tiers of
manufacturing and service industries have expanded.
Corporations increasingly rely on post-Fordist modes
of production (assembly lines, sweatshops).
Low-wage service jobs have also increased in order to
maintain lifestyles of specialized professionals. (273)
Global Restructuring
Migration of skilled workers to both newly industrialized
nations and advanced capitalist nations.
Fill labor shortages by recruiting professionals from
developing countries…brain drain. (273)
Global Restructuring
Immigration Act of 1990
Legislation that responded to economic needs for US
workforce to have supply of highly skilled professionals and
technicians.
Acknowledged need for US economy to maintain supply of
low-wage workers. (273)
An Overview of the Labor Market
Activities
of Asian Immigrant Women
War Brides Act of 1945; Immigration Act of
1965
Shift from male- to female-dominated flow of immigrants.
Asian American population grew exponentially.
1970: 1.5M
1980: 3.7M
1990: 7.3M (majority of Asians in US were foreignborn). (274)
An Overview of the Labor Market
Activities
of Asian Immigrant Women
Most Asian women migrate as part of a
family unit.
Primary migrants who sponsor the migration of families.
Secondary migrants to create or reunite families.
They contribute to family income and maintain dual-wageearning households to make up for husband’s earnings,
which are generally lower than those of native-born men.
(274)
An Overview of the Labor Market
Activities
of Asian Immigrant Women
Filipina immigrant women
Rate of labor force participation far exceeds that of general
population and of other Asian groups, and is much higher
than in the Philippines.
Better command of English language.
Concentration in wage labor. (275)
An Overview of the Labor Market
Activities
of Asian Immigrant Women
Filipinos have lowest rate of self-employment in the US, 32 per
1,000.
General US population’s rate of self-employment is 69.74 per
1,000.
Korean’s rate of self-employment is 180.46 per 1,000.
Chinese’s rate of self-employment is 72.77 per 1,000.
Likely that rate of labor market participation for other Asian
immigrant women is undercounted because the assistance they
offer as wives in family businesses is not officially recognized as
paid labor activity. (275)
An Overview of the Labor Market
Activities
of Asian Immigrant Women
Filipina and Chinese women occupy a wide
variety of jobs in the labor market, while
other Asian ethnic groups are more highly
concentrated in particular occupational
categories. (275)
An Overview of the Labor Market
Activities
of Asian Immigrant Women
Skilled Asian immigrant women have turned
to lower-skilled occupations because of
restrictive measures against foreign-trained
professionals as well as language
barriers.(276)
An Overview of the Labor Market
Activities
of Asian Immigrant Women
In summary, Asian immigrant women have a
high rate of labor market participation and a
diverse range of levels of educational
attainment. (276)
Asian Immigrant Women and Global
Restructuring
Women migrate from countries of origin
formally colonized by the US, or currently
neocolonized by US corporate capital and
come to labor here as racialized women of
color. (276)
Asian Immigrant Women and Global
Restructuring
Lisa Lowe:
There are material continuities between the conditions of
Chicanas and Latinas working in the US and the women
working in maquiladoras and low-cost manufacturing zones
in Latin America, on the one hand, and Asian women
working both within the US and in Asian zones of assembly
and manufacturing, on the other. (276)
Asian Immigrant Women and Global
Restructuring:
Low-Wage Workers
Asian immigrant women fill the labor
market need for low-wage manufacturing
and service workers in urban centers of the
US.
Garment industry (low-wage assembly jobs).
Manicurists, restaurant workers.
Midwest meatpacking plants, Silicon Valley production work.
Domestic workers, hotel housekeepers, certified nurse’s
aides, elder caregivers, childcare workers. (277-279)
Asian Immigrant Women and Global
Restructuring:
Small-Business Entrepreneurs
They spur economic growth with operation
of small businesses.
Dry cleaning, contracting shops. gasoline stations, groceries,
liquor stores etc.
Small ethnic businesses could not possibly survive without
family labor, most importantly the often unrecognized labor
of women.
By relegating the less-skilled and seemingly less important
work to women, men are able to justify their own lower
contributions to housework…”double day” plagues women in
small businesses as well as in low-wage work (women
expected to perform bulk of domestic chores in household
besides keep long work hours). (279-280)
Asian Immigrant Women and Global
Restructuring:
Professional Women
Asian professionals provide cheap labor in that their educational
training did not cost the US any money.
The highly skilled labor of Asian immigrants, particularly women, is
arguably cheaper than that provided by their native-born
counterparts.
That they have done so more than any other group is a legacy of
US colonialism. (280)
Conclusion
The high rate of labor market participation of Asian immigrant
women as well as the diversity of their labor market activities
attest to the feminization of the wage labor force under
globalization.
However, the conditions of their labor market incorporation and
their low standards of employment suggest that women still hold
a fairly low status in the labor market.
From their specific location in global restructuring, Asian
immigrant women contribute some form of “cheap labor” to the
US. (282) #####
Remember to refer to the specific assigned reading and/or class activity you use to
frame your response.
•
Explore an example of Asian/Pacific Islander American women’s leadership
in the US. Include the importance of using a feminist approach, with its
inclusion of the concept of intersectionalities, as a more comprehensive (and
useful) analysis of various oppressions Asian/Pacific Islander American
experience.
•
Select one of the assigned readings from Weeks 11-15 that resonated for you,
and explain how its main argument translates into a relevant lesson for your
current/future life.
•
(I AM MALE STUDENT , STUDYING ABRODE IN THE U.S)IF NEEDED !!
######

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